Effect of Kraft lignin and palm kernel oil as substitutes of petroleum-based polyols on the properties of viscoelastic polyurethane foams

Flôres, Camila Campos; Rufino, Thiago do Carmo; Oliveira, Maurício P.

doi:10.1007/s10965-021-02827-0

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Kraft lignin (KL) was supplied by Suzano Celulose S.A. from its pilot-plant (LignoBoost process) with a pH of 8.6, total hydroxyl number (nOH) of 185 mgKOH/g, weight-average molar mass ( ) of 6820 g/mol, number-average molar mass ( ) of 2930 g/mol and dispersity (Ð=Mw/Mn) of 2.33. KL was also found to have 2.0% of sulfur, 0.3% of nitrogen and glass transition temperature (Tg) of 133 o C. Details of the KL characterization have been reported previously by Flores et al [28]. Palm kernel oil (PKO) with 43.8 % of lauric acid, 17.7 % of oleic acid, acid number of 0.95 mgKOH/g, viscosity of 48 mPa.s, hydroxyl number of 1.6 mg KOH/g and molar mass ( ) of 715 g/mol was supplied by Triângulo Alimentos Ltda (Brazil), and was used as received (Table S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Information).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…The recovery time and nal height of the foams P2, P3 and P7 showed no relevant differences regardless of the contents of KL, MPEG and PKO used in comparison to the reference (P1). However, the resilience and nal height were affected by the morphology of foam, cross-link reaction, KL content and thickness of the cells, speci cally by the ratio between soft and hard segments [11,25,28]. The results from the foam obtained through P6 presented lower nal height (Fig 7) and higher Tg (Fig 8b) and this may be related to the greater density and KL content, revealing a certain morphological instability of P6.…”

Section: Mechanical Properties Of Vpfs Compression Setmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…During the test, the force necessary to maintain the deformation was measured. After a pre-determined interval, the sample was uncompressed and left free to gradually recover from the 50% deformation [28,33]. The force and recovery time were measured and reported according to the IOS-MAT-0076.…”

Section: Recovery Time Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Viscoelastic polyurethane foams (VPFs) are widely in several industrial applications, such as airplane seats, headphones, packaging, helmet liners, gym mats, ear plugs, pillows, and toppers for mattresses [27,28], due to their response to a stress stimulus being a strain with enough delay to be remarkably pronounced at macroscopic level. Despite the long response delay (viscous effect), VPF are able to recover their original dimensions (elastic effect) once the stress on the foam is ceased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The behavior of VPF is a result of the underlying polymer structure and is controlled by the formulation that the foam designer uses. Despite of the evident relevance of VPF to the daily basis, there are few reports on VPF using bio-based raw materials as a strategy to reduce the environmental impact of this class of materials [18,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The present work combined the features from KL and PKO into VPFs as a sustainability strategy to replace part of MPEG, while adding economic feasibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viscoelastic polyurethane foams from unmodified kraft lignin dispersed into methoxy polyethylene glycol and palm kernel oil as partial substitutes of petroleum-based polyols

Flôres

Rufino

Nahra

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Kraft lignin (KL) dispersions in methoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG) and in a mixture of palm kernel oil (PKO) with MPEG (PKO/MPEG) were evaluated for v iscoelastic polyurethane foams (VPFs) production with different contents of KL (0-3.9 pphp) and PKO (0 -15 pphp). The influence of the dispersed KL on the foam structure, foam growth profile, foaming reactivity, mechanical properties, and final properties of VPFs were studied. The appearance of the VPF produced with KL dispersion in MPEG/PKO was similar to the control VPF foam. The addition of KL dispersion (0 to 15 pphp), had a significant effect on the growth profile, foaming reactivity, density and consequently on the foam morphology. VPFs produced with 3.9 pphp of KL presented shrinkage values about 4 times when compared to the control. The presence of the KL and PKO did not improve the burning rate of the foam samples compared to the control foam, without KL and PKO. Thermal stability of the produced foams showed no relevant differences regardless of the contents of KL/MPEG/PKO used in comparison to the control. Mechanical properties of VPF can be adjusted by making changes to the standard formulation. It can be concluded that the dispersion of KL in a mixture of MPEG and PKO represents an alternative for incorporating fractions of KL and PKO into VPF. In addition, this study provides new insights for the production of VPF using renewable resources for packaging applications, as well as in the mattress industry.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Mechanical Properties Of Vpfs Compression Setmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Recovery Time Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viscoelastic polyurethane foams from unmodified kraft lignin dispersed into methoxy polyethylene glycol and palm kernel oil as partial substitutes of petroleum-based polyols

Flôres

Rufino

Nahra

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial and low‐temperature resistant slow rebound polyurethane foams

Cao,

Wang,

Zheng

2024

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Slow rebound polyurethane foam (SPUF) has been widely used due to its advantages such as sound insulation, energy absorption, and good tactile sensation. However, SPUF is prone to harden at low temperature, and its application in medical equipment and households requires significant antibacterial properties. In this paper, self‐made silicone modified polyethylene glycol (Si‐APEG) and graphene oxide supported allicin (Alc@GO) were prepared and used as low‐temperature resistant agent and antibacterial agent, respectively. Low‐temperature resistant polyurethane foam (LSPUF) and antibacterial LSPUF (ALSPUF) were prepared respectively with water as foaming agent. The morphology of ALSPUF was observed by scanning electron microscope. Properties studied include apparent core density and porosity, mechanical properties including tensile strength, 40% compressive hardness, and rebound resilience, as well as low‐temperature resistance. Effects of Si‐APEG content on the structures and properties were analyzed and the LSPUF with an Si‐APEG content of 10 wt.% showed the best comprehensive performance. Therefore, ALSPUFs with Si‐APEG content of 10 wt.% and Alc@GO content of 0–3 wt.% were prepared. The addition of Alc@GO increased the antibacterial ratio significantly without obvious effect on the structure and mechanical properties of LSPUF. The antibacterial ratio of ALSPUF reached 99.07% at a Alc@GO content of 2.5 wt.% and testing time of 60 min. This work provides an effective and feasible method for the preparation of ALSPUF which can be widely used in medical devices and households.Highlights Silicone modified polyether is a suitable low‐temperature resistant agent for PU foam. Allicin supported on GO provides good antibacterial property for PU foam. ALSPUF has better mechanical properties than SPU.

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Valorizing Kraft Lignin by a Catalytic Reductive Depolymerization in Ethanol/Water with Formic Acid as a Supplementary H2 Donor

Jacobs

Nieuwenhove

Lauwaert

et al. 2022

Waste Biomass Valor

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Lignin is a promising biopolymer to serve as a sustainable resource for a multitude of applications (e.g., thermoset materials, production of bulk chemicals) thereby substituting fossil-based carbon sources. In this work, the reductive depolymerization of Kraft lignin (KL) was studied in ethanol/water aided by formic acid (FA) as the way forward to valorize lignin. The effect of various process conditions was elucidated using 31 P-NMR, pH, GPC, CHNSO, GC-MS and 2D-LC analyses. It is found that the addition of a small amount of FA (3.6 vol%) is beneficial for obtaining smaller lignin fragments with more phenolic OH (PhOH) functionalities upon depolymerization at 250°C for 8h. Besides, a higher FA concentration causes acid catalyzed lignin repolymerization and a longer reaction time results in only a limited reduction in molecular weight of the obtained lignin fragments. The addition of a supported Pd catalyst leads to a more pronounced depolymerization (smaller lignin fragments with more PhOH functionalities) as well as a stronger decrease in oxygen and sulfur content. Furthermore, several experiments and multiple analysis techniques support the hypothesis that FA acts as H2 donor under the investigated conditions in this study. In conclusion, KL (MW ~16436 g mol -1 and 3.31 mmol g -1 PhOH) was successfully depolymerized into a low molecular weight lignin (MW ~3250 g mol -1 ) with more PhOH functionalities (5.29 mmol g -1 ).

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Effect of Kraft lignin and palm kernel oil as substitutes of petroleum-based polyols on the properties of viscoelastic polyurethane foams

Cited by 11 publications

References 39 publications

Viscoelastic polyurethane foams from unmodified kraft lignin dispersed into methoxy polyethylene glycol and palm kernel oil as partial substitutes of petroleum-based polyols

Viscoelastic polyurethane foams from unmodified kraft lignin dispersed into methoxy polyethylene glycol and palm kernel oil as partial substitutes of petroleum-based polyols

Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial and low‐temperature resistant slow rebound polyurethane foams

Valorizing Kraft Lignin by a Catalytic Reductive Depolymerization in Ethanol/Water with Formic Acid as a Supplementary H2 Donor

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