Effect of Land Use on Occurrence and Diversity of Nematode Destroying Fungi in Taita Taveta, Kenya

Wachira, P. M.; Okoth, Sheila; Mung’atu, Joseph; Mibey, R. K.; Kimenju, J.W.

doi:10.3923/ajps.2008.447.453

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The study has demonstrated the diverse occurrence of nematode destroying fungi in nature and especially in vegetable production zones. These findings agree with previous reports on nematode destroying fungi that they are widespread in all habitat but with different densities and diversities (Birgit et al, 2002, Wachira et al, 2008.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…One gram of soil sample was sprinkled on the medium in the petri dish and a suspension of Meloidogyne species of approximately 1000 nematodes was added into the petri dishes as baits (Christina et al, 1999).The plates were then incubated at room temperature and observed daily from the third week up to sixth week under a dissecting microscope. The examination was focused on trapped nematodes, trapping organs and conidia of the nematodes destroying fungi (Wachira et al, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are responsible to up to 80%, on vegetables production (Kaskavalci, 2007).Vegetable production in Kenya is characterized by high chemical inputs for pest and soil fertility management (Mutsotso et al, 2005). These practices have been associated with increases in soil born disease and decline in beneficial soil microorganisms (Wachira et al, 2008). Specifically vegetable damage by Root-Knot nematodes in Kenya has been reported with infected plants being rendered unacceptable for international markets (Nchore et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey of Nematode Destroying Fungi from Selected Vegetable Growing Areas in Kenya

Wachira

Muindi

Okoth

2015

AFF

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Plant parasitic nematodes cause up-to 5% yield losses to a wide range of economic crops. In Kenya vegetables yield loss attributed to plant parasitic nematodes is estimated to 80%. Over the years, nematode control has heavily on the use of chemical nematicides which unfortunately leads to biological magnification and elimination of the beneficial microorganisms in the soil. This has triggered a growing interest in search of alternate management strategies. The objective of this study was, therefore, to document nematode destroying fungi in selected major vegetable growing areas in Kenya as a step towards developing self-sustaining system for management of plant parasitic nematodes. Soil samples were collected from five vegetable production zones in Kenya which were Kinare, Kabete, Athi-river, Machakos and Kibwezi and transported to the laboratory for extraction of the nematode destroying fungi. Soil sprinkle technique as described by Jaffee et al., (1996) was used to isolate the fungi from the soil while identification was done using identification keys described by Delgado et al.,(2001). From the study a total of 171 fungi isolates were identified as nematode destroying fungi. The highest population was recorded at Kabete area recording 33.9% of the total record, followed by Machakos, Kibwezi, Athi-river and the least in Kin are with 24.6, 22.2, 11.7 and 7. 6% of the total population in that order. Arthrobotrys was the most frequent genera with a mean occurrence of 7.3 followed by Monacrosporium with 6 and Stylophage with 5.2. A.dactyloides was significantly (P=0.002) affected by the agro-ecological zones with the highest occurrence being recorded in Kabete and the least in Athiriver. The highest diversity index and species richness of nematode destroying fungi was recorded in Kibwezi while the least was recorded in Athi-river. The genera Arthrobotrys had the highest number of trapped nematodes with a total population of 57, followed by Monacrosporium and least was Stylopage with 45 and 36 respectively, within a period of 104 hours. From the study, it is evident that agricultural practices affect the occurrence and diversity of nematode destroying fungi and Arthrobotrys can be developed as a bio-control agent for management of plant parasitic nematodes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey of Nematode Destroying Fungi from Selected Vegetable Growing Areas in Kenya

Wachira

Muindi

Okoth

2015

AFF

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“…The result confirms the ubiquitous nature of the nematode destroying fungi in the soil in agreement with other studies on occurrence and diversity of nematode destroying fungi (Gray, 1985;Wachira et al, 2008). The nematode destroying fungi were more in the cultivated land compared to the uncultivated.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…In nature, they capture and kill nematode destroying fungi in the soil using specialized structures like the adhesive hyphae, constricting rings and adhesive conidia. After the capture, a nematode is completely consumed by the fungi within nine hours (Wachira et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Land Use on Abundance and Diversity of Nematode Destroying Fungi and Soil nematodes in Embu County, Kenya

Wachira¹,

Kimenju²,

Okoth³

et al. 2014

JAS

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Belowground biodiversity is one of the key indicators of the sustainability of a land use. This study sought to document the occurrence and diversity of nematode destroying fungi in an area characterized by small scale agriculture in Embu County, Kenya. The study area was divided into six main land use types namely; coffee, fallow, forest, maize/bean intercrop, napier and tea. Nematode destroying fungi were extracted from five soil samples from each of the land uses. A total of 161 isolates of nematode destroying fungi belonging to nine genera and 19 species were isolated and identified. The genera represented were Arthrobotrys, Dactyllela, Dactylaria, Harposporium, Monacrosporium, Myzocytium, Nematoctonous, Paecilomyces and Stylophage. The occurrence of nematode destroying fungi was significantly (P=0.02519) affected by the land use types in the study area. With the exception of Arthrobotrys superb, Dactyllela haptospora, Dactyllela reticulate, Harposporium anguillulae and Monacrosporium ellipsoporum all the other 19 isolated species were not affected by land use types. The highest total mean occurrence of nematode destroying fungi was recorded in maize/bean, followed by nappier, coffee, forest, fallow and tea , in that order. The respective frequency of detection of the fungal species was 7.6, 7.2, 5.0, 4.0 and 3.6. The Shannon index of diversity was highest and lowest at 1.971and 1.177 in the land under maize/bean intercrop and tea, respectively. The species richness was higher in napier, followed by maize bean, coffee, forest and least in tea. Out of the fungi that were isolated, the highest proportion of 23% was from the maize/bean intercrop, while the least 11% was from land under ea. Arthrobotrys oligospora was the most frequently isolated species with a frequency of 24% while Nematoctonus pachysporus had the least frequency of occurrence of 1%. It can be concluded that land use influences the diversity of nematode destroying fungi and nematodes in the soil. More work is needed to determine the efficacy of these indigenous isolates on plant parasitic nematodes.

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Spatial relationships between entomopathogenic nematodes and nematophagous fungi in Florida citrus orchards

Pathak

Campos‐Herrera

El-Borai

et al. 2017

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Relationships between entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), nematophagous fungi (NF) and soil physical and chemical properties were studied in a survey of 53 citrus orchards in central ridge and flatwoods ecoregions of Florida. Seven species of NF associated with nematodes were quantified directly using a real time qPCR assay. All nematophagous fungi studied except Arthrobotrys musiformis and Hirsutella rhossiliensis were frequently detected (24-56%) in both regions. Paecilomyces lilacinus and Gamsylella gephyropagumwere encountered more frequently in the flatwoods (P=0.03) and on the ridge (P=0.02), respectively. Redundancy analysis revealed seven abiotic and biotic factors as significantly related to the NF occurrence. Multiple regression of fungi on these variables explained 78%, 66%, 48%, 36%, 23% and 4% of the variation in Catenaria sp., A. musiformis, A. dactyloides, P. lilacinus, A. oligospora and G. gepharopagum, respectively. When the data from citrus were pooled with those reported previously from natural areas and subjected to principle component analysis, the first two principle components explained 43% of the variation in NF communities. The surveys (citrus vs natural areas) were discriminated by PC2 (P<0.001) and the ecoregion by PC1 (P<0.002), and all but one NF species were related (P<0.01) to one or both components. NF communities tended to have more species and greater diversity in the flatwoods, where EPN richness and diversity were the least. However, the strength of associations between individual EPN and NF species as measured by SADIE reflected the associations between each species and ground water depth, suggesting that ecoregion preferences affected the species associations. Within each ecoregion, significant relationships between the individual NF and EPN species measured by stepwise regression tended to be positive. The results did not support the hypothesis that NF modulate the spatial patterns of EPN species between or within these two ecoregions.

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Effect of Land Use on Occurrence and Diversity of Nematode Destroying Fungi in Taita Taveta, Kenya

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Survey of Nematode Destroying Fungi from Selected Vegetable Growing Areas in Kenya

Survey of Nematode Destroying Fungi from Selected Vegetable Growing Areas in Kenya

Effect of Land Use on Abundance and Diversity of Nematode Destroying Fungi and Soil nematodes in Embu County, Kenya

Spatial relationships between entomopathogenic nematodes and nematophagous fungi in Florida citrus orchards

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