Effect of lattice strain on nanomaterials in energy applications: A perspective on experiment and theory

Strain engineering of two-dimensional materials for energy storage and conversion applications

“…First, vacancies can induce strain individually [40,68] . Regardless of the generation of cation and anion vacancies, they will induce local lattice compression and impose localized strain on the material [19,43] . As an illustration, Ni et al demonstrated a linear correlation between oxygen vacancy (V O ) concentration and lattice strain at the Co-CoO interfaces [60] .…”

“…For 2D materials, strain changes the atomic bond configuration (length and angle) and the interactions between the electron orbitals of adjacent atoms, thus adjusting the properties of 2D materials and providing a rich library for advanced applications [29][30][31] . So far, numerous methods have been developed for applying strain to 2D materials [Figure 1] [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] . According to the source of strain, the methods for introducing strain can be roughly divided into three types: defect-induced, lattice-induced, and substrate-induced.…”

“…; (2020): the figure on the left is quoted with permission from Lee et al; the figure on the right is quoted with permission from Li et al [39,40] ; (2021): quoted with permission from Li et al [41] ; (2022): quoted with permission from Wu et al [42] ; (2023): quoted with permission from Cao et al [43] . 2D: Two-dimensional.…”