Effect of lead and tin additives on surface morphology evolution of electrodeposited zinc

Challenges, mitigation strategies and perspectives in development of zinc-electrode materials and fabrication for rechargeable zinc–air batteries

“…71,72,[79][80][81][82] For example, Einerhand et al 79 proposed a density gradient model, which indicated that the emergence of electrolyte flow was closely associated with the density gradients in the solution layer near the zinc-electrode and volume variations of the battery. To gain a better understanding of the electrodeposited zinc with various surface morphology, Otani et al 83 studied the effects of lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) additives on the generation of electrodeposited zinc. Compared to the Sn additive, the use of Pb could obviously reduce the working potential and showed a superior performance by diminishing the active growth sites during Zn deposition.…”

“…83,[105][106][107][108] It was reported that the alloy with a composition of 90% zinc, 7.5% nickel and 2.5% indium could give a remarkable inhibiting effect on zinc dendrite formation 105. In addition to metallic electrode additives, metallic oxides/hydroxides can also improve the electrochemical behaviors of the zinc-electrode.…”

Zinc–air batteries: are they ready for prime time?

“…22 To tackle with the corrosion and dendrite problems, composition or surface modications of Zn anodes are necessary. Studies show that Zn electrodes alloyed with certain metals (e.g., Pb, Cd, Bi, Sn and In) 13,56,57 or modied with additives (e.g., silicates, surfactants and polymers) [58][59][60][61] can suppress H 2 evolution to different extents. The incorporation of alloying metals or additives may increase the conductivity, improve the current distribution and promote the formation of compact, thin Zn deposits.…”

Dendritic Zn Deposition in Zinc‐Metal Batteries and Mitigation Strategies

“…Reproduced (adapted) with permission. [ 61 ] Copyrigght 2017, Elsevier. c) The nonuniform deposition process of Zn on (0001) plane.…”