Effect of lead content on the structure and piezoelectric properties of hard type lead titanate–zirconate ceramics

Effect of Alkali Elements Content on the Structure and Electrical Properties of (K0.48Na0.48Li0.04)(Nb0.90Ta0.04Sb0.06)O3 Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Ceramics

“…For Pb‐based piezoelectric materials, it has been known that, in order to maintain the charge neutrality, oxygen vacancy‐lead vacancy pairs will be formed in Pb‐deficient ceramics, while B‐site vacancies and holes will be formed in Pb‐excess ceramics 7 . Both of them have adverse effects on the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics 7–11 . Similar to the Pb‐based ceramics, it is suggested that oxygen vacancy–A‐site vacancy pairs will be formed in the undercompensated KNLNST ceramics, and B‐site vacancies will be formed in the overcompensated ceramics.…”

“…Although it has been known that, because of the high volatility, the alkaline elements may evaporate during the long high‐temperature sintering process, there is little work studying the effects of the resulting compositional fluctuations on the properties of the KNN and KNN‐based ceramics, 6 or reporting the use of excess alkaline elements for compensating the loss. For lead‐based materials (especially, PZT), it has been shown that the nonstoichiometric composition resulting from the PbO volatilization has adverse effects on the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics 7–11 . A certain amount of Pb or PbO in excess to the basic composition is usually added, especially in preparing sol–gel‐derived ceramic films, for compensation and hence for improving the properties 7–11 .…”

“…For lead-based materials (especially, PZT), it has been shown that the nonstoichiometric composition resulting from the PbO volatilization has adverse effects on the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics. [7][8][9][10][11] A certain amount of Pb or PbO in excess to the basic composition is usually added, especially in preparing sol-gel-derived ceramic films, for compensation and hence for improving the properties. [7][8][9][10][11] As compared with other approaches for eliminating the volatilization loss, the addition of excess PbO is a more convenient and practical one, in particular for the industrial productions.…”

Direct laser processing of bulk lead zirconate titanate ceramics

“…Since the LENS TM has the flexibility in controlling the oxygen concentration in the glove box [16], it is anticipated that oxygen deficiency in LENS TM processed PZT samples can be easily controlled. However, Pb loss due to volatilization of PbO during LENS TM processing is unavoidable and can only be dealt with addition of small amount of excess PbO to the feedstock PZT powder, which is quite common in sol-gel processing of PZT [17,18]. From the above results it is clear that LENS TM can be a very attractive technique for direct fabrication of PZT structures or coatings on metallic substrates in a single step.…”

The Effect of Excess PbO on Crystal Structure, Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of (Pb0.50Sr0.50)TiO3Ceramics

“…The addition of excess PbO is one of the techniques developed to counteract this problem. For example, the optimum density of PLZST [12], PBT [14], PBZ [15], PZT [16] ceramics can be improved by the addition of excess PbO. From a survey of the literature, the effect of excess PbO on PST ceramics prepared via the solid-state reaction method had not been observed yet.…”