Effect of Lidocaine and Derivatives on Time of Death and Overturn in Goldfish

pH Control of weak electrolyte toxicity to fish

“…6 appear to be valid for compounds that are passively absorbed via the gills and skin, and that produce their toxic effects promptly once a critical concentration inside the fish is reached. Evidence for the assumption that toxicity occurs when the amount of toxicant within the fish reaches a critical value, X*, comes from studies of the effects of pH on the toxicity of pentachlorophenol [2], lidocaine and its derivitives [3] and 4-aminoantipyrine [4]. In these studies, death or overturn occurred when the toxicant in the fish reached a critical concentration which was independent of the rate at which the toxicant entered the fish.…”