Effect of linolenic acid/ethanol or limonene/ethanol and iontophoresis on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of LHRH and ultrastructure of human epidermis

Bhatia, Kuljit S.; Singh, Jagdish

doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00013-7

Cited by 46 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Ultrastructural characteristics of porcine ear skin are similar to those of human skin, 14,15 and studies provide evidence that porcine ear skin has permeability properties close to those of human skin. Therefore, porcine ear skin can be used as a model for human skin for predicting percutaneous absorption of hydrophilic and lipophilic solutes.…”

Section: Preparation Of Epidermis and Stratum Corneummentioning

confidence: 79%

Mechanism(s) of In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption Enhancement of Tamoxifen by Enhancers

Zhao

Singh

2000

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Section: Preparation Of Epidermis and Stratum Corneummentioning

confidence: 79%

Mechanism(s) of In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption Enhancement of Tamoxifen by Enhancers

Zhao

Singh

2000

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…Terpenes are common in scented products and are likely to increase the absorption of other materials in products and in the fragrance portion of the product. 13 Testing by the RIFM is usually done on healthy adult volunteers whose skin is intact. It fails to account for more vulnerable populations.…”

Section: Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fragrance: emerging health and environmental concerns

Bridges¹

2002

Flavour & Fragrance J

114

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Products containing scent are a part of daily life. The majority of cosmetics, toiletries, household and laundry products contain fragrance. In addition, there is exposure to fragrance from products that are used to scent the air, such as air fresheners and fragranced candles. In spite of this widespread use and exposure, there is little information available on the materials used in fragrance. Fragrance formulas are considered trade secrets and components that make up the fragrance portion of the product are not revealed on labels. Fragrance is increasingly cited as a trigger in health conditions such as asthma, allergies and migraine headaches. In addition, some fragrance materials have been found to accumulate in adipose tissue and are present in breast milk. Other materials are suspected of being hormone disruptors. The implications are not fully known, as there has been little evaluation of systemic effects. There are environmental concerns as well, as fragrances are volatile compounds, which add to both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Synthetic musk compounds are persistent in the environment and contaminate waterways and aquatic wildlife. At present there is little governmental regulation of fragrance. The fragrance industry has in place a system of self-regulation. However, the present system has failed to address many of the emerging concerns. Industry needs to responsibly address concerns and ensure that scented products are safe for users, those inadvertently exposed and the environment. It is essential that an industry that is, and wishes to continue to be, self-regulated should identify and address concerns in a forthright and responsible manner.

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“…The results of those studies showed the location of intact elastic vesicles in the upper three layers of the stratum corneum and that the intercellular lipid layer was disturbed by the application of elastic vesicles. TEM has also been used to demonstrate that metallic nanoparticles with a size of 10 nm were able to penetrate the skin (14) and to study changes in ultrastructure in the skin after drug delivery by iontophoresis (15,16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Cutaneous Application of ISCOMs on Human Skin Enhances Delivery of Hydrophobic Model Compounds Through the Stratum Corneum

Madsen

Ifversen

Madsen

et al. 2009

AAPS J

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Abstract. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a novel kind of immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) on human skin penetration of model compounds in vitro to evaluate their potential as a delivery system, ultimately for transcutaneous vaccination. Special focus was on elucidating the mechanisms of penetration. Preparation of ISCOMs was done by dialysis and subsequent purification in a sucrose density gradient. The penetration pathways of acridine-labeled ISCOMs were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate the ultrastructural changes in the skin after application of the ISCOMs with or without hydration. Transcutaneous permeation of the model compound, methyl nicotinate, was evaluated in diffusion cells. The prepared ISCOMs were 42-52 nm in diameter as evaluated by dynamic light scattering with zeta potentials of −33 to −26.1 mV. TEM investigations verified the presence of ISCOM structures. Penetration of acridine into skin was greatly increased by incorporation into ISCOMs as visualized by CLSM. Permeation of methyl nicotinate was enhanced in the presence of ISCOMs. Ultrastructural changes of the intercellular space in the stratum corneum after exposure of ISCOMs were observed on micrographs, especially for hydrated skin. In conclusion, cutaneous application of ISCOMs leads to increased penetration of hydrophobic model compounds through human stratum corneum and thus shows potential as a transcutaneous delivery system. The increased penetration seems to be reflected by a change in the intercellular space between the corneocytes, and the effect is most likely caused by the components of the ISCOMs rather than intact ISCOMs.

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Effect of linolenic acid/ethanol or limonene/ethanol and iontophoresis on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of LHRH and ultrastructure of human epidermis

Cited by 46 publications

References 23 publications

Mechanism(s) of In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption Enhancement of Tamoxifen by Enhancers

Mechanism(s) of In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption Enhancement of Tamoxifen by Enhancers

Fragrance: emerging health and environmental concerns

In Vitro Cutaneous Application of ISCOMs on Human Skin Enhances Delivery of Hydrophobic Model Compounds Through the Stratum Corneum

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