Effect of load distribution on longitudinal and lateral forces acting on each wheel of a compact electric vehicle

Baarath, K.; Zakaria, Muhammad Aizzat; Majeed, Anwar P. P. Abdul; Nasir, Ahmad Fakhri Ab.; Peeie, Mohamad Heerwan Bin; Hamid, Umar Zakir Abdul

doi:10.1007/s42452-020-1996-9

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In [90], a simulation model of a two rear in-wheel motors is used to analyze the effect of vehicle load on longitudinal and lateral forces. It is observed that an additional load added on the side of the direction of lateral motion increases the lateral force generated and causes the tires to approach the tire friction circle limit, thereby reduceing EV performance.…”

Section: Safety and Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges of Electric Vehicles and Their Prospects in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2022

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Electric vehicles (EVs) in Malaysia are gaining more attention and interest from the public. However, the electric vehicle’s exposure, awareness, and sales are still low compared to other countries. In this review, the challenges associated with implementing the electric vehicle culture in Malaysia are thoroughly reviewed, including the obstacles that the Malaysian government, policymakers, EV manufacturers, and EV users face in terms of EV cost, travel demand, charging station availability, impact on the power grid, and battery capacity. Then, all the identified challenges have been addressed by considering the user behavior, travel demand, socio-economical culture of Malaysia, current policies taken by the government of Malaysia, and the psychological outlook of Malaysians towards EV adoption. Moreover, potential suggestions have been proposed that the government of Malaysia may adopt during policy planning and when seeking to provide incentives to the users. Finally, a concrete conclusion has been drawn by disseminating the vision about the future of EVs in Malaysia. The proposed review of the technologies, challenges, prospects, and potential solutions associated with EV adoption in Malaysia can provide a base for proper strategic policy and help policymakers frame strategies to achieve the targets. This review could help achieve sustainable EV transport, and the successful implementation of Malaysian National Automotive Plan 2020, with the goal of adopting next-generation green vehicles.

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Section: Safety and Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges of Electric Vehicles and Their Prospects in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2022

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“…Moreover, the increased height adds a significant lateral force increase and the resulting rolling moment to the other associated issues such as forces on the surface [7]. Even different wind conditions are important factors in determining the risk of a train overturning and derailment [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerodynamic performance of a next-generation high-speed train under transient crosswind

Arafat¹,

Ishak²

2023

Preprint

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Strong crosswind gusts have been reported to seriously damage the running safety of modern road and rail vehicles all over the world. Sudden changes in rail vehicle aerodynamic forces due to transient wind conditions can have a negative impact on rail dynamics and stability. Furthermore, the majority of previous research on aerodynamic performance has been conducted in steady crosswind conditions. This highlights the significance of studying the effects of sudden changes in wind loads on high-speed rail vehicles. In this study, the unsteady aerodynamic performance of a next-generation high-speed train (NG-HST) subjected to transient crosswinds was investigated using CFD analysis. A stepwise velocity profile (25 m/s and 35 m/s) was chosen to generate transient wind with a train travelling at a maximum speed of 400 km/h. A Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) turbulent model was used to evaluate the unsteady characteristics of the complex flow structure. The results show that even low-velocity wind showed a relatively high impact on the aerodynamic loads of NG-HST. For instance, pitching moments (Cpitch) at crosswind angles of 13° and 18° were 192% and 194% higher than no crosswind conditions. In addition, changes in side force coefficient (Cs) values during transient loads were 183% and 190% higher compared to normal conditions for 13° and 18°, respectively. In terms of vortex structure, it was relatively complex and unsteady at a 13° yaw angle for transient conditions, compared to steady crosswind conditions. This result provides a strong justification for NG-HST operational safety under transient crosswind conditions.

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“…The most active and passive safety control systems are developed using a vehicle dynamic model, requiring the longitudinal tire forces to determine vehicle parameters, including longitudinal acceleration, braking distance, and slip rate [7]. Moreover, according to linear and nonlinear vehicle dynamic models, the longitudinal force acting on the tire is a major factor affecting the behaviour of a vehicle [8]. Thus, the estimation of the longitudinal force of intelligent tire has a great impact on vehicle handling and safety.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Strain-Based Method to Estimate Longitudinal Force for Intelligent Tires by Using a Physics-Based Model

Zhou

Yang

et al. 2021

SV-JME

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Tires are essential components of vehicles and the only vehicle components in contact with the road. The tire longitudinal force originating from the contact between the tire and road can enhance traction and braking and contribute to the directional stability of vehicles. If the longitudinal tire force can be accurately estimated, vehicle safety can be improved. This study established a longitudinal tire physics-based model combining the brush model with the flexible ring model to develop a strain-based intelligent tire system for estimating the longitudinal tire force. The developed longitudinal dynamic model was used to study tire strain characteristics under pure longitudinal slip conditions. An algorithm was developed for estimating the longitudinal tire force through feature extraction and data fitting of the tire strain. A finite-element tire model was established to simulate the longitudinal force. Comparing the simulated and estimated forces indicated that the proposed algorithm can accurately predict the longitudinal force of intelligent tires and thus provide useful information to vehicle stability control systems.

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Effect of load distribution on longitudinal and lateral forces acting on each wheel of a compact electric vehicle

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Challenges of Electric Vehicles and Their Prospects in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Review

Challenges of Electric Vehicles and Their Prospects in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Review

Aerodynamic performance of a next-generation high-speed train under transient crosswind

A Strain-Based Method to Estimate Longitudinal Force for Intelligent Tires by Using a Physics-Based Model

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