Effect of local application of cold or heat for relief of pricking pain

Saeki, Yuka

doi:10.1046/j.1442-2018.2002.00112.x

Cited by 36 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Previous studies have documented an increase in both PTH and PTO with the use of cooling. 5 The fact that PTH and PTO were increased in a similar manner at both assessment site 1 (iced) and site 2 (non-iced) as well as the fact that PTH and PTO were significantly different between the EXP and CON ankles, may provide some mechanistic insight into the change in pain perception with ice application. Interestingly, some investigators have reported that with exposure to a cold environment (19˚C) for 30 min, plasma b-endorphin levels doubled.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…For PTH1, significant ANOVA F ratios were reported for the main effects of ankle (F = 47. 5 Figure 1 The impact of ice application on nerve conduction velocity in experimental (EXP) and control (CON) ankles (data are mean (SD)). Timeline: pre, baseline; 15˚C, skin temperature cooling; 10˚C, skin temperature cooling; 15˚C, skin temperature with passive warming.…”

Section: Nerve Conduction Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity, pain threshold and pain tolerance

2007

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Objectives: To determine the impact of the application of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity (NCV), pain threshold (PTH) and pain tolerance (PTO). Design: A within-subject experimental design; treatment ankle (cryotherapy) and control ankle (no cryotherapy). Setting: Hospital-based physiotherapy laboratory. Participants: A convenience sample of adult male sports players (n = 23). Main outcome measures: NCV of the tibial nerve via electromyogram as well as PTH and PTO via pressure algometer. All outcome measures were assessed at two sites served by the tibial nerve: one receiving cryotherapy and one not receiving cryotherapy. Results: In the control ankle, NCV, PTH and PTO did not alter when reassessed. In the ankle receiving cryotherapy, NCV was significantly and progressively reduced as ankle skin temperature was reduced to 10˚C by a cumulative total of 32.8% (p,0.05). Cryotherapy led to an increased PTH and PTO at both assessment sites (p,0.05). The changes in PTH (89% and 71%) and PTO (76% and 56%) were not different between the iced and non-iced sites. Conclusions: The data suggest that cryotherapy can increase PTH and PTO at the ankle and this was associated with a significant decrease in NCV. Reduced NCV at the ankle may be a mechanism by which cryotherapy achieves its clinical goals. C ryotherapy has been accepted for decades as an effective, inexpensive and simple intervention for pain management after many acute sport injuries.1 2 It is widely believed that the therapeutic application of cryotherapy leads to a reduction in pain and swelling, but the physiological basis for this effect is still incompletely understood.3 4 Saeki 5 and other authors concluded that pain relief with cold application could be due to many mechanisms including altered nerve conduction velocity (NCV), inhibition of nociceptors, a reduction in muscle spasms and/or a reduction in metabolic enzyme activity levels. [6][7][8] NCV can be altered by gender, age and, more pertinently, skin temperature.9 On this basis it is plausible to propose that cryotherapy could reduce pain via an alteration in NCV. Alternatively, cryotherapy could also be effective as a counterirritant to pain via diffused noxious inhibitory controls, pain gate theory, suppressed nociceptive receptor sensitivity or via the analgesic descending pathway of the central nervous system such as endorphins.1 5 10 11 Evaluation of a counterirritant role is difficult to directly evaluate, but if cryotherapy can reduce pain threshold (PTH) and pain tolerance (PTO) independent of any effect on NCV then these processes may be more important.The aim of the current study, therefore, was to assess changes in NCV, PTH and PTO concomitantly as ankle skin temperature was reduced via cryotherapy. We hypothesise that cryotherapy reduces skin temperature to a level that decreases NCV, and that changes in NCV, are associated with an increase in PTH and PTO. METHODS SubjectsA convenience sample of 23 volunteers from local sports clubs were informed individually about the purpose, n...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Nerve Conduction Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity, pain threshold and pain tolerance

2007

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“…Results of the studies made in the area have shown that the cold treatment has increased the pain threshold (Koç et al 2006;Raynor et al 2005;Sarifakioğlu & Sarifakioğlu 2004). So, the cold treatments that are applied locally are used to reduce the edema and treat the pain by taking the inflammation process under control (Saeki 2002;Sarifakioğlu & Sarifakioğlu 2004;Van der Westhuijzen et al 2005). It has been stated that cold treatment over the area where surgical sutures are found after lumbar disc surgery reduces both the pain during first 24 hours and the need for morphine (Brandner et al 1996).…”

Section: Tens (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Pharmacological Therapies in Pain Management

Demir¹

2012

Pain Management - Current Issues and Opinions

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“…[15] While medical drugs are being used for treating the somatic (physiological and emotional) dimension of the pain, non-pharmacological therapies aim to treat also the affective, cognitive, behavioral and socio-cultural dimensions of the pain. These non pharmacologic techniques, such as honey which decreases the need to analgesics via pain reduction after surgery [16] , cold diet which increased the pain threshold and reduce the edema and treat the pain by taking the inflammation process under control and at the same time allow the patient to get fluids in [17] , transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation which help reducing the pain level and dosage of using analgesics by artificial stimulation of nerve fibers which try to stop or reduce the pain transmission [18] , relaxing therapy and distraction which increases the tolerance for pain and decrease the sensitivity for pain by getting the attention away from the pain [19] and also acupuncture can be used in an attempt to alleviate postoperative pain. [20] …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measures to Reduce Post Tonsillectomy Pain

Elassy¹,

Mohamed²,

Abo-Elnaga³

et al. 2015

AJCEM

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Abstract:Objectives: The aim of this study was to review the literature regarding the measures to reduce post tonsillectomy pain. Data sources: They included medical text books, medical journals, and medical websites (PubMed, Medscape, Science Direct and EMF-Portal) and all materials available in the internet from 2000 to 2015. Study selection. The initial search presented 170 articles. The articles studied different tools and techniques in tonsillectomy, pharmacological and non pharmacological methods for reducing post operative pain. Data extraction: Web search was performed on the medical databases and the full text of the relevant paper was critically analyzed and interpreted. Data synthesis: Comparisons were made by a structured review with the results, summarized and incorporated into the review article's main text. Findings: Pain is the most significant obstacle to the rehabilitation of a patient following tonsillectomy. Inadequate analgesia causes poor oral intake, which leads to lassitude, delayed recovery of strength and well being and occasionally requires overnight hospitalization in day case surgical practice. Conclusion: The advances in new surgical tools and techniques make this surgery a safe procedure with less post operative pain. The pain can be managed also in a more effective manner with the combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies.

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Effect of local application of cold or heat for relief of pricking pain

Cited by 36 publications

References 37 publications

The effect of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity, pain threshold and pain tolerance

The effect of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity, pain threshold and pain tolerance

Non-Pharmacological Therapies in Pain Management

Measures to Reduce Post Tonsillectomy Pain

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