Effect of Long-Term Calorie Restriction with Adequate Protein and Micronutrients on Thyroid Hormones

Fontana, Luigi; Klein, Samuel; Holloszy, John O.; Premachandra, B. N.

doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0328

Cited by 132 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Despite a similar body mass index (10,12) or fat content (11), long-term calorie restriction and exercise resulted in disparate effects on various parameters related to aging, including thyroid function, systemic inflammation, and growth factors. For instance, individuals engaged in voluntary calorie restriction were found to have lower levels of serum T 3 and TNF-␣ levels than exercisers or a control group consuming a typical Western diet (11). In another study, individuals consuming a low calorie-low protein diet were shown to have a more favorable cancer risk profile than endurance runners or controls, including lower serum IGF-1 and greater levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and sex-hormone-binding globulin (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of exercise and calorie restriction on biomarkers of aging in mice

Huffman

Moellering

Grizzle

et al. 2008

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Unlike calorie restriction, exercise fails to extend maximum life span, but the mechanisms that explain this disparate effect are unknown. We used a 24-wk protocol of treadmill running, weight matching, and pair feeding to compare the effects of exercise and calorie restriction on biomarkers related to aging. This study consisted of young controls, an ad libitum-fed sedentary group, two groups that were weight matched by exercise or 9% calorie restriction, and two groups that were weight matched by 9% calorie restriction ϩ exercise or 18% calorie restriction. After 24 wk, ad libitum-fed sedentary mice were the heaviest and fattest. When weight-matched groups were compared, mice that exercised were leaner than calorie-restricted mice. Ad libitum-fed exercise mice tended to have lower serum IGF-1 than fully-fed controls, but no difference in fasting insulin. Mice that underwent 9% calorie restriction or 9% calorie restriction ϩ exercise, had lower insulin levels; the lowest concentrations of serum insulin and IGF-1 were observed in 18% calorie-restricted mice. Exercise resulted in elevated levels of tissue heat shock proteins, but did not accelerate the accumulation of oxidative damage. Thus, failure of exercise to slow aging in previous studies is not likely the result of increased accrual of oxidative damage and may instead be due to an inability to fully mimic the hormonal and/or metabolic response to calorie restriction. energetics; obesity; energy balance CALORIE RESTRICTION provides a powerful and widely applicable intervention for attenuating many age-related diseases and extending maximal life span (41). Despite its well-documented benefits, limiting calorie intake (Ͼ30%) alone may not provide a practical long-term solution for maximizing human health and longevity. Instead, an alternative approach to energy deprivation could be to increase activity-related energy expenditure or to supplement moderate calorie restriction with exercise.Several studies have reported that increased physical activity can improve mean life span presumably by reducing mortality risk from many age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers (9,17,21,(27)(28)(29). In contrast, exercise and longevity studies in rodents (17, 21) and humans (32) have failed to document an exercise effect on maximum life span. For example, it was found in rats that exercise improved survival (mean life span) compared with sedentary ad libitum-fed controls, but did not result in life span extension (17)(18)(19)21). Furthermore, when exercising rats were matched for body weight with food-restricted pairedweight sedentary rats, only the food-restricted rats had an increase in maximum life span (21).Although the evidence clearly shows a greater benefit from calorie restriction compared with exercise on longevity, there remains a significant gap in the literature explaining this disparate effect. The effects of calorie restriction (40) and exercise (6) on age-related diseases and markers of aging have be...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of exercise and calorie restriction on biomarkers of aging in mice

Huffman

Moellering

Grizzle

et al. 2008

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…By contrast outer ring deiodination by types 1 and 2 deiodinases leads to activation of T 4 into T 3 (20,21). Clinical studies illustrated that rT 3 serum concentrations increase with age (1,12,13), the presence of multiple diseases (12), and may be influenced by energy intake (despite conflicting results) (13,22). However, whether these variations should be taken into account is still unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased reverse triiodothyronine is associated with shorter survival in independently-living elderly: the Alsanut study

Forestier¹,

Vinzio²,

Sapin³

et al. 2009

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Increased reverse tritiodothyronine (T 3 ) used to be described as a part of euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS). It was demonstrated to be associated with increased mortality in acutely ill patients. It can also be found with low or normal T 3 in non-severely ill subjects but its significance remains unclear. Patients and design: The Alsanut study included a representative sample of 440 independently-living subjects aged 65 or over constituted between January 1988 and September 1989. Past and current medical history and nutritional data were collected at inclusion. Baseline thyroid hormone (TSH, FT 4 , FT 3 and rT 3 ) serum levels were measured. Life status was determined on 1 December 2005. Results: Of the 374 elderly subjects included in the final analysis, 52 had abnormal TSH (43 with hyperthyroidism, nine with hypothyroidism) and 80.7% had died by 1 December 2005. There was no statistical difference in survival between subjects according to thyroid function (PZ0.54). Of the 322 elderly subjects with normal TSH, mortality rate was 81.1%. ESS was found in 3.4%, whereas 8.1% of the participants displayed elevated rT 3 with normal FT 3 . Time to death was strongly related to rT 3 (P!0.0001) and FT 3 (P!0.0001) in a univariate analysis. After adjusting for other confounding variables, rT 3 was the only thyroid hormone associated with shorter survival (PZ0.014). Conclusions: RT 3 was the only thyroid hormone associated with shorter survival in a representative population of independently-living elderly. In these subjects, isolated elevated rT 3 might be an equivalent of ESS, reflecting declining health.

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“…low plasma levels of thyroid hormones is associated with abnormal menstrual cycles and disrupted follicular development (Ortega et al, 1990;Vriend et al, 1987). From experimental data it appears that in response to protracted CR there is a decrease in serum T 3 concentrations but little change in T 4 (Roth et al, 2002;Fontana et al, 2006). The effect of CR upon TSH however seems quite subtle as there appears to be little change in TSH levels during acute CR, but with long-term CR TSH levels may be elevated (Roth et al, 2002).…”

Section: Thyroid Hormonementioning

confidence: 99%

Caloric restriction: Impact upon pituitary function and reproduction

Martin

Golden

Carlson

et al. 2008

Ageing Research Reviews

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Reduced energy intake, or caloric restriction (CR), is known to extend life span and to retard agerelated health decline in a number of different species, including worms, flies, fish, mice and rats. CR has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, improve insulin sensitivity, and alter neuroendocrine responses and central nervous system (CNS) function in animals. CR has particularly profound and complex actions upon reproductive health. At the reductionist level the most crucial physiological function of any organism is its capacity to reproduce. For a successful species to thrive, the balance between available energy (food) and the energy expenditure required for reproduction must be tightly linked. An ability to coordinate energy balance and fecundity involves complex interactions of hormones from both the periphery and the CNS and primarily centers upon the master endocrine gland, the anterior pituitary. In this review article we review the effects of CR on pituitary gonadotrope function and on the male and female reproductive axes. A better understanding of how dietary energy intake affects reproductive axis function and endocrine pulsatility could provide novel strategies for the prevention and management of reproductive dysfunction and its associated comorbidities.

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Effect of Long-Term Calorie Restriction with Adequate Protein and Micronutrients on Thyroid Hormones

Cited by 132 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of exercise and calorie restriction on biomarkers of aging in mice

Effect of exercise and calorie restriction on biomarkers of aging in mice

Increased reverse triiodothyronine is associated with shorter survival in independently-living elderly: the Alsanut study

Caloric restriction: Impact upon pituitary function and reproduction

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