Effect of Long-term Pumping on Fluoride Concentration Levels in Groundwater: A Case Study from East of Blue Nile Communities of Sudan

Abdellah, Abdelmonem M.; Abdel-Magi, Hago M.; Yahia, Nadia A.

doi:10.3923/jas.2012.1345.1354

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The maximum concentration (99 mg/l) was found in Manyara whereas the minimum was (0 mg/l) in Tanga region (Table 1). [1,8,24,33,34,38,40,43,. Note: n=F>1.5: Number of Samples with fluoride concentration greater than 1.5 mg/l n=%F>1.5: Percentage of samples with fluoride greater than 1.5 mg/l n=F>4: Number of Samples with fluoride concentration greater than 4 mg/l n=%F>4: Parentage of samples with fluoride greater than 4 mg/l These data exclude extremely high fluoride lakes such as Lake Elementaita and Lake Nakuru in Kenya, Lake Momella in Tanzania, Lake Kikorongo in Uganda and Lake Chitu in Ethiopia…”

Section: Fluoride Distribution In Various Water Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoride Levels in Surface and Groundwater in Africa: A Review

Malago¹,

Makoba²,

Muzuka³

2017

AJWSE

128

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Abstract:Fluoride has been reported to be among natural pollutant of water in Africa. High fluoride levels beyond the recommended World Health Organization limit of 1.5 mg/l has been observed in various Africa countries. However, the information is scattered in different publication medium. Therefore, objective of this work was to put together the information on fluoride levels in surface and groundwater in Africa, and describe the status and distribution of fluoride in water among African countries. This study assembled the secondary data of fluoride concentrations in surface and groundwater from the various literatures in African countries. Such countries represent southern, northern, eastern and western Africa. Descriptive statistics was used and results showed that elevated fluoride concentration occurred in countries such as Tanzania, Kenya, Algeria, Nigeria, Ghana, Malawi, Sudan, Uganda, the Republic of South Africa and Ethiopia. The highest fluoride concentration reported was 2,800 mg/l in Lake Nakuru in Kenya. The high fluoride concentrations in water can be linked to volcanic activities, presence of thermal waters especially those with high pH, gases emitted from earth's crust, granitic and gneissic rocks. The high fluoride in water is severe in countries located in East African Rift Valley like Kenya, Tanzania and Ethiopia. However, all the incidences of highest fluoride levels in water in the Rift Valley countries were found in surface water bodies. This is contrary, as it is expected groundwater to be more concentrated as compared to surface water due to more water rock interaction than in surface water bodies. There was no single study among many studies has reported the long term trend of concentration of fluoride in water with time. Thus, the effort to establish long term trend of fluoride concentration in water should be taken in consideration. This helps to predict future concentration of fluoride and possibility to minimize future risks. Also, fluorosis has also been reported to be endemic in fluoritic areas of Africa though, little is known on other fluoride negative effects. Therefore, more efforts should concentrate on finding appropriate defluoridation techniques to be applied while considering the cost of operation, efficiency, practicability, easy application and environmental friendly.

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Section: Fluoride Distribution In Various Water Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoride Levels in Surface and Groundwater in Africa: A Review

Malago¹,

Makoba²,

Muzuka³

2017

AJWSE

128

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Therefore, there is still no concrete evidence to associate NO 3 -contamination to stomach and gastrointestinal cancer (Forman et al, 1985). However, study indicated that even at exposure levels of 111 mg/l, there were no adverse conditions in infants except for methaemoglobinaemia, and therefore, nitrate alone may not be the only cause of elevated regional gastric cancer mortality rates, but these may result from a number of other factors, such as high pesticide levels, presence of coliform bacteria and/or other groundwater contaminants, as reported by Abdellah et al (2012b). Nitrate, nitrite and many nitroso compounds were reported by Tricker et al (1989) to have a carcinogenic effect on urothelial cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Conservatively, this study suggests putting in mind the climatic conditions when recommending supplemental fluoridation in such arid areas. It is important to state that Abdellah et al (2012b) suggested the level of 0.3 mg/l to be the minimum concentration of F -in drinking groundwater in order to prevent dental caries, and the level of 0.6 mg/l as the maximum concentration in order to prevent dental fluorosis. No bacterial contamination observed in water sampled directly from by vendors using donkey/horse carried barrels or other containers that are taken from the same well.…”

Section: +2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Skeletal fluorosis was previously reported by Whyte et al (2008) who confirmed that it can result from prolonged consumption of well water with more than 4 mg/l F -in the drinking water. Furthermore, it has been reported that in human body the kidneys are probably the most crucial organ during the course low-dose long-term exposure to F - (Abdellah, 2012b). Healthy kidneys excrete 50 to 60% of the ingested dose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent information on the role of the pineal organ in humans suggest that any agent that affects pineal function could affect human health in a variety of ways, including effects on sexual maturation, calcium metabolism, parathyroid function, post-menopausal osteoporosis, cancer, and psychiatric disease. Moreover, F -reduces the activity of the thyroid gland even at doses as low as 2 mg/kg, interfered with proper metabolism of cyclic-ATP and thus diminished cellular energy, fluoride disrupts enzyme system and it is progressively disrupts the sensitive G-proteins, these are the building blocks of body's hormone receptor (Abdellah et al, 2012b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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