Effect of Longitudinal and Transverse Foot Arch on the Position of the Hallux and Fifth Toe in Preschool Children in the Light of Regression Analysis

Abstract

The aim of the study was to analyze the development of foot structure and the impact of longitudinal and transverse arching of the foot on the position of the hallux and fifth toe in preschool children. The study was carried out among 200 children aged 6 (100 G, 100 B). The research tool was the podoscope CQ-ST. The collected research results were analyzed with the use of the Mann–Whitney U test, Pearson Chi-square test and regression analysis. A statistically significant influence of the heel angle on the value of the varus angle of the fifth toe of the right (girls: p = 0.032; boys: p = 0.001) and left foot (girls: p = 0.004; boys: p = 0.005) was found. Boys’ feet are longer and wider than girls’ feet; moreover, they have a lower longitudinal arch. The frequency of longitudinal and transverse arch deformities of the feet, as well as valgus of the hallux and varus of the fifth toe do not depend on gender. In both sexes, decreasing the transverse arch of the foot has an influence on the severity of varus of the fifth toe. Changes in the height of the longitudinal foot arch does not affect the position of the hallux and fifth toe.

Is a Keystone Bone Anomaly The Main Cause of Pes Planus?

“…Background Foot; It is responsible for carrying loads, reducing ground reaction force, providing adaptation to the ground, creating a rigid lever arm for effective propulsion, minimizing energy consumption and providing proprioception sense (1). The ability of the foot to perform these tasks in a healthy way depends on the preservation of the anatomical structure of the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot (2,3). Disruption of the structure of the arcus pedis longitudinalis medialis (APLM), located on the inside of the foot and formed by the os calcaneus, os talus, os naviculare, ossa cuneiforme and ossa metatarsi I, II, III, causes foot deformities such as pes planus and pes cavus (4,5).…”

Biomechanics of transverse axis of medial longitudinal arch of children's foot based on 3D scanning

“…At present, children's orthopedic surgeons' diagnosis and curative evaluation of foot deformities such as flatfoot and high-arched foot still mainly depend on the longitudinal arch of the foot, ignoring the TAA of the foot ( 17 ). Venkadsan M et al found that the TAA of the foot can affect the flexibility of the longitudinal arch of the foot through the function of the soft tissue between the metatarsal bones.…”

“…Studies have shown that the collapse of foot TAA is prone to irregular pain and painful callose of the foot. The deformation of foot TAA is closely related to many foot diseases in children ( 17 , 18 ). Puszczalowska-Lizis, Ewa et al reported that reduction of the transverse arch of the foot has an effect on the severity of fifth toe flexion, leading to disorders of the middle phalangeal joint ( 17 ).…”

“…The deformation of foot TAA is closely related to many foot diseases in children ( 17 , 18 ). Puszczalowska-Lizis, Ewa et al reported that reduction of the transverse arch of the foot has an effect on the severity of fifth toe flexion, leading to disorders of the middle phalangeal joint ( 17 ). Therefore, biomechanical evaluation and detection of the development of children's foot TAA has important clinical significance.…”