Effect of low doses of biocides on the antimicrobial resistance and the biofilms of Cronobacter sakazakii and Yersinia enterocolitica

Capita, Rosa; Vicente-Velasco, María; Rodríguez-Melcón, Cristina; García, Fernández; Carballo, Javier; Alonso‐Calleja, Carlos

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51907-1

Cited by 42 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Data regarding the strains’ pathogenicity are of high interest if correlated to antimicrobial resistance or tolerance to biocides. In this respect, a recent study demonstrated the ability of Ye to acquire tolerance to biocides and to increase its antibiotic resistance after exposure to sub-MICs of such disinfectants [ 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Pathogenicity Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica Isolate from Wild Boars

et al. 2021

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Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) is a very important zoonosis andwild boars play a pivotal role in its transmission. In the last decade, the wild boar population has undergone a strong increase that haspushed them towards urbanized areas, facilitating the human–wildlife interface and the spread of infectious diseases from wildlife to domestic animals and humans. Therefore, it is important to know the serotype, antimicrobial resistance and presence of pathogenicity genes of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) isolated in species. From 2013 to 2018, we analyzed the liver of 4890 wild boars hunted in Liguria region; we isolated and serotyped 126 Ye positive samples. A decisive role in the pathogenicity is given by the presence of virulence genes; in Ye isolated we found ystB (~70%), ymoA (45.2%), ail (43.6%) and ystA (~20%). Moreover, we evaluated the susceptibility at various antimicrobic agents (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Enrofloxacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfisoxazole, Ceftiofur and Tetracycline). The antibiotic resistance was analyzed, and we found a time-dependent increase. It is important to shed light on the role of the wild boars as a reserve of potentially dangerous diseases for humans, and also on the antibiotic resistance that represents a public health problem.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Pathogenicity Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica Isolate from Wild Boars

et al. 2021

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“…Exposure to low concentrations of biocides remains a poorly understand risk factor for the development of decreased antibiotic and biocide susceptibility. Previous studies have shown that long-term exposure to biocides in drains resulted in little alteration in antimicrobial susceptibility (47)(48)(49), but other experiments have indicated that lowlevel biocide exposure leads to cross-tolerance to other disinfectants or antibiotics (20,40,50). Therefore, more studies are required to fully understand the role of environmental biocide exposure on bacterial adaptation and potential progression toward tolerance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Exposure to Octenidine in a Simulated Sink Trap Environment Results in Selection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter , and Enterobacter Isolates with Mutations in Efflux Pump Regulators

Garratt

Aranega-Bou

Sutton

et al. 2021

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Octenidine based disinfection products are becoming increasingly popular for infection control of multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative isolates. When a waste trap was removed from a hospital and allowed to acclimatise in a standard tap rig in our laboratory, it was shown that Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter and Enterobacter spp. were readily isolated. This study aimed to understand the potential impact of prolonged exposure to low doses of a commercial product containing octenidine on these bacteria. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis showed that P. aeruginosa strains had increased tolerance to octenidine which was characterised by mutations in the Tet-repressor SmvR. Enterobacter species demonstrated increased tolerance to many other cationic biocides, though not octenidine, as well as the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and ceftazidime through mutations in another Tet-repressor RamR. Citrobacter species with mutations in RamR and MarR were identified following octenidine exposure and this is linked to development of resistance to ampicillin, piperacillin and chloramphenicol as well as an increased MIC level for ciprofloxacin. Isolates were able to retain fitness as characterised by growth, biofilm formation and virulence in Galleria mellonella, after prolonged contact with octenidine, although there were strain to strain differences. These results demonstrate that continued low-level octenidine exposure in a simulated sink-trap environment selects for mutations which affect smvR. It may also promote microbial adaptation to other cationic biocides and cross-resistance to antibiotics, whilst not incurring a fitness cost. This suggests that hospital sink traps may act as a reservoir for more biocide tolerant organisms. Importance Multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of bacteria are a major clinical problem and several reports have linked outbreaks of MDR bacteria with bacterial populations in hospital sinks. Biocides such as octenidine are used clinically in body washes and other products such as wound dressings for infection control. Therefore, increased tolerance to these biocides would be detrimental to infection control processes. Here, we exposed bacterial populations originally from hospital sink traps to repeated dosing with an octenidine containing product over several weeks and observed how particular species adapted. We found mutations in genes related to biocide and antibiotic susceptibility which resulted in increased tolerance, although this was species dependent. Bacteria which became more tolerant to octenidine also showed no loss of fitness. This shows that prolonged octenidine exposure has the potential to promote microbial adaptation in the environment and that hospital sink traps may act as a reservoir for increased biocide and antibiotic tolerant organisms.

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“…For example, improper use (spraying, fogging streets or marketplaces, sidewalks, tunnel, cabinet, chamber, and full-body spray) of biocides, like cationic agents and triclosan, has been reported [ 9 ]. Such disinfecting agents are known to select for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and can have a broad impact on the environment and human and animal health [ 13 , 14 ]. The ability of biocides, such as triclosan, to activate multidrug efflux pumps contributes to AMR by selecting bacteria that are resistant to a spectrum of antibiotics [ 10 , 17 , 46 ].…”

Section: The Broader Use Of Biocidal Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic stewardship

Subramanya

Czyż

Acharya³

et al. 2021

VirusDis.

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The rapid emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance continue to kill an estimated 700,000 people annually, and this number is projected to increase ten-fold by 2050. With the lack of data, it is uncertain how the COVID-19 pandemic will affect antimicrobial resistance. Severe disruption of research, innovation, global health programs, and compromised antimicrobial stewardship, infection prevention and control programs, especially in low-and middle-income countries, could affect antimicrobial resistance. However, factors such as strict lockdown, social distancing, vaccination, and the extensive implementation of hand hygiene and face masks, with limited international travel and migration, may also contribute to decreasing AMR. Although the impact of COVID-19 on AMR is global, the adverse effect is likely to be worse in LMICs. In this article, we explore the possible impact of the current pandemic on antibiotic resistance.

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Effect of low doses of biocides on the antimicrobial resistance and the biofilms of Cronobacter sakazakii and Yersinia enterocolitica

Cited by 42 publications

References 48 publications

Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Pathogenicity Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica Isolate from Wild Boars

Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Pathogenicity Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica Isolate from Wild Boars

Long-Term Exposure to Octenidine in a Simulated Sink Trap Environment Results in Selection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter , and Enterobacter Isolates with Mutations in Efflux Pump Regulators

The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic stewardship

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