Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Adolescents With Temporomandibular Disorder: A Blind Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Photobiomodulation in Temporomandibular Disorders

“…46,47,[55][56][57] Among these studies, GaAlAs diode at 780 nm wavelength and 50 mW power showed the most frequent nonsignificant effects. 58,59 Functionality of TMJ was assessed in terms of maximum opening, electromyography, geometric mean diameter, colorimetric capsule method, and craniomandibular index, indicating that the total effect favored PBM in comparison with placebo. [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] Moreover, four studies indicated pressure pain threshold improved by PBM, 49,[60][61][62] but De Carli et al 63 showed that PBM+piroxicam as well as piroxicam alone was as effective, but piroxicam was better for pain at 30 days.…”

“…This fact leads us to the suggestion that the administration of PBM has to been seen as an adjuvant therapeutic approach for TMD treatment 42,52 due to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative effects with high patients' satisfaction and minimum side effects. 34,41,60,[62][63][64] Most of the articles' Jadad scale numbers were 5 (highest score), and only four of them got 3 points due to the lack of blinding or blinding method, 54,59,48 and randomization method, 65 showing that all included articles had good quality.…”

“…Fourteen studies reported how the actual energy output of the laser has been verified. 22,46,[48][49][50]53,57,59,63,[73][74][75][76][77] Authors are sometimes seemingly reporting properties according to manufacturer specification rather than performing independent measuring. We have summarized their calculated energy density, which was between 4 and 112.5 J/cm 2 as given in Table 1.…”

“…PBM was applied to TMJ and masticatory muscles together in 25 studies, and to masticatory muscles only in 3 studies, 22,65,78 and to TMJ only in 6 studies. 52,54,59,68,79,80 Considering the nonsignificant results, which were more common among studies that irradiated only painful points or the TMJ, 1,59,74 it seems that it is better to apply PBM on skin of both trigger points and TMJ. [46][47][48][55][56][57] Moreover, according to the results of the included studies, PBMT is more effective when administered on the muscles compared with TMJ.…”

Comparative effectiveness of low-level laser therapy and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain caused by temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

“…Then 55 potentially eligible articles were obtained by screening the titles and abstracts carefully. After careful full-text screening and assessment of the risk of bias, 20 RCTs met the inclusion criteria [4,10,12,15,28,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. This selection process and exclusion reasons were presented in the ow chart (Fig.…”