Effect of Low Temperature on Changes in AGP Distribution during Development of Bellis perennis Ovules and Anthers

Abstract

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a class of heavily glycosylated proteins occurring as a structural element of the cell wall-plasma membrane continuum. The features of AGPs described earlier suggest that the proteins may be implicated in plant adaptation to stress conditions in important developmental phases during the plant reproduction process. In this paper, the microscopic and immunocytochemical studies conducted using specific antibodies (JIM13, JIM15, MAC207) recognizing the carbohydrate chains of AGPs showed significant changes in the AGP distribution in female and male reproductive structures during the first stages of Bellis perennis development. In typical conditions, AGPs are characterized by a specific persistent spatio-temporal pattern of distribution. AGP epitopes are visible in the cell walls of somatic cells and in the megasporocyte walls, megaspores, and embryo sac at every stage of formation. During development in stress conditions, the AGP localization is altered, and AGPs entirely disappear in the embryo sac wall. In the case of male development, AGPs are present in the tapetum, microsporocytes, and microspores in normal conditions. In response to development at lower temperature, AGPs are localized in the common wall of microspores and in mature pollen grains. Additionally, they are accumulated in remnants of tapetum cells.

The Localization of Cell Wall Components in the Quadrifids of Whole-Mount Immunolabeled Utricularia dichotoma Traps

“…The cell wall polymers are dynamic components and can be restructured and redistributed during plant development, reproduction, and organ aging [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. These components play important roles during stresses and plant interactions with other organisms, e.g., bacteria and fungi [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. Utricularia quadrifids are not only quite specialized trichomes in their structure; they also perform various functions, e.g., secretion of digestive enzymes, resorption of released nutrients, and participation in pumping out water [ 25 , 26 , 44 ].…”

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“…Unfortunately, the data available in this regard is limited and no general conclusions can still be drawn. Immunocytochemical studies on the detection of pectic and AGP epitopes in the female reproductive tissues have mostly concerned later developmental stages and they focused on the distribution of these epitopes in stylar transmitting tissues and in the ovules throughout the progamic phase and embryogenesis (e.g., Jauh and Lord, 1996;Lenartowska et al, 2001;Coimbra and Duarte, 2003;Chudzik et al, 2005b;Kościńska-Pająk et al, 2005;Suárez et al, 2013;Niedojadło et al, 2015;Gawecki et al, 2017;Lopes et al, 2016;Losada and Herrero, 2019;Lora et al, 2019;Płachno et al, 2020, Leszczuk et al, 2021). The location of these wall components in young ovules at the time of MMC differentiation and megasporogenesis has only been studied in a handful of sexual species, e.g., in Pisum sativum (Pennel and Roberts, 1990), Arabidopsis thaliana (Coimbra et al, 2007;Demesa-Arévalo and Vielle-Calzada, 2013;Lora et al, 2017), gymnosperm Larix decidua (Rafińska and Bednarska, 2011), Quercus suber (Lopes et al, 2016), early-divergent angiosperms Annona cherimola and Persea americana (Lora et al, 2017), Capsicum chinense (Pérez-Pastrana et al, 2018), and recently in Bellis perennis (Leszczuk et al, 2021).…”

“…Research findings clearly indicate that AGPs are involved in the early sexual reproductive processes. However, the distribution of AGPs varies between species and changes during ovule development as well as in response to abiotic stresses (Ma and Zhao, 2010;Lora et al, 2019;Leszczuk et al, 2021). For example, JIM13-labeled AGP epitope was not detected in the MMC of Arabidopsis thaliana, whereas it was observed in the MMC wall of basal angiosperms, i.e., Annona cherimola and Persea americana (Lora et al, 2017).…”

Arabinogalactan Proteins: Focus on the Role in Cellulose Synthesis and Deposition during Plant Cell Wall Biogenesis

“…The use of the beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent ( β -Yariv; binds and perturbs AGPs) or a set of AGP-specific monoclonal antibodies (mABs; recognize AGP carbohydrate epitopes) is a traditional way to identify AGPs in plant tissues; however, such generalities are too narrow to account for all AGPs [ 2 , 36 , 55 , 56 ]. To date, genomes of many plant species have been sequenced, which has enabled the identification of AGPs using bioinformatics approaches.…”