Effect of magnetospheric convection on the energy distribution of protons from the Earth radiation belts

The proton and electron radiation belts at geosynchronous orbit: Statistics and behavior during high‐speed stream‐driven storms

“…Mechanisms that are thought to act on the outer proton radiation belt include radial diffusion caused by magnetic and electric perturbations [e.g., Nakada et al , ; Cornwall , ; Beutier et al , ; Boscher et al , ; Vacaresse et al , ; Panasyuk , ] including substorm perturbations [ Spjeldvik , ; Smolin , ], pitch angle scattering by magnetic field curvature effects in the stretched nightside magnetic field [ Tsyganenko , ; Sergeev et al , ], pitch angle scattering and energy diffusion by plasmaspheric whistler mode hiss [ Kozyra et al , ; Villalon and Burke , ] and by ion cyclotron waves [ Søraas et al , ; Shoji and Omura , ], and charge exchange and Coulomb scattering [ Liemohn , ; Beutier et al , ; Walt et al , ]. Potential sources for the outer proton radiation belt include solar protons [ Lazutin et al , ; Panasyuk , ; Tverskaya et al , ] and substorm particle injections [ Vacaresse et al , ].…”

“…Although the outer proton radiation belt has been observed by spacecraft instrumentation for five decades [e.g., Davis and Williamson , , ; Yershkovitch et al , ; Stevens et al , ; Spjeldvik , ; Fritz and Spjeldvik , ; Sheldon , ; Green et al , ; Lazutin et al , , ; Tverskaya et al , ; Forster et al , ], much less is known about its properties and dynamics than is known about the outer electron radiation belt. Modeling efforts for the outer proton radiation belt in those five decades [e.g., Nakada and Mead , ; Spjeldvik , ; Beutier et al , ; Bourdarie et al , ; Boscher et al , ; Vacaresse et al , ; Panasyuk , ; Smolin , , ] have been much less sophisticated than the modeling efforts for the outer electron radiation belt. Further, the systems‐science coupling of the outer electron radiation belt to other plasma populations of the magnetosphere such as the plasma sheet and ring current [ Ebihara et al , ; Jordanova , ], the outer plasmasphere [ Borovsky and Steinberg , ; Borovsky and Denton , ], the plasmaspheric drainage plume [ Borovsky et al , ], substorm injection electrons [ Friedel et al , ], and waves driven by those populations such as ULF waves [ Ozeke et al , ], chorus [ Meredith et al , ; Summers et al , ], and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) [ Ukhorskiy et al , ; Lazutin et al , ] has been considered; how the outer proton radiation belt fits into the coupled system has been less well considered.…”