Effect of main inclusions on crack initiation in bearing steel in the very high cycle fatigue regime

Gu, Chao; Bao, Yanping; Gan, Peng; Wang, Min; He, Jinshan

doi:10.1007/s12613-018-1609-4

Cited by 45 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, it is difficult to further significantly enhance the properties of H13 steel only through heat‐treatment; therefore, the high cleanliness of molten steel is receiving increasing attention . Fatigue cracks are the main failure mode of H13 steel, and large inclusions are among the main causes of fatigue crack sources . Consequently, steelmakers have made their best efforts to produce clean steel, minimizing the number of inclusions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precipitation Behavior of Large Primary Carbides in Cast H13 Steel

Huang

Cheng

et al. 2019

steel research int.

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The large primary carbides precipitated during solidification can significantly reduce the performance of H13 steel. To better inhibit the formation of primary carbides, it is necessary to obtain the precipitation mechanism of primary carbides in H13 steel. First, an electronic probe microanalyzer (EPMA) is used to analyze the microsegregation of alloying elements in the last-to-solidify region. The enrichment of elemental V, Mo, Cr, and C in the last-to-solidify region is the main reason for the formation of primary carbides. The number density, size, and morphology of the carbides in a two-dimensional (2D) observation are obtained through an automatic inclusion analysis system. A non-aqueous electrolysis method is used to show the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the primary carbides. There is a large difference between the 2D and 3D primary carbide observation. Finally, the precipitation mechanism and process of carbides during solidification are calculated with the Thermo-Calc thermodynamic software, and the calculated results are in keeping with the experimental observation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precipitation Behavior of Large Primary Carbides in Cast H13 Steel

Huang

Cheng

et al. 2019

steel research int.

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“…Although Equation (2) well explains the relation between the size of inclusions and the crack generation behavior during the fatigue process, other parameters of inclusions, which also affect the fatigue property, are neglected, such as the inclusion type [18,32]. Figure 10 illustrates the relation between Kmax,inc and the fatigue life Nf based on the fatigue data in this study.…”

Section: The Critical Size Of Different Types Of Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Quantitative Analysis of Inclusion Engineering on the Fatigue Property Improvement of Bearing Steel

Wang

Bao

et al. 2019

Metals

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The fatigue property is significantly affected by the inner inclusions in steel. Due to the inhomogeneity of inclusion distribution in the micro-scale, it is not straightforward to quantify the effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior. Various investigations have been performed to correlate the inclusion characteristics, such as inclusion fraction, size, and composition, with fatigue life. However, these studies are generally based on vast types of steels and even for a similar steel grade, the alloy concept and microstructure information can still be of non-negligible difference. For a quantitative analysis of the fatigue life improvement with respect to the inclusion engineering, a systematic and carefully designed study is still needed to explore the engineering dimensions of inclusions. Therefore, in this study, three types of bearing steels with inclusions of the same types, but different sizes and amounts, were produced with 50 kg hot state experiments. The following forging and heat treatment procedures were kept consistent to ensure that the only controlled variable is inclusion. The fatigue properties were compared and the inclusions that triggered the fatigue cracks were analyzed to deduce the critical sizes of inclusions in terms of fatigue failure. The results show that the critical sizes of different inclusion types vary in bearing steels. The critical size of the spinel is 8.5 μm and the critical size of the calcium aluminate is 13.5 μm under the fatigue stress of 1200 MPa. In addition, with the increase of the cleanliness of bearing steels, the improvement of fatigue properties will reach saturation. Under this condition, further increasing of the cleanliness of the bearing steel will not contribute to the improvement of fatigue property for the investigated alloy and process design.

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“…Metals 2019, 9 FOR PEER REVIEW 8 by an automatic inclusion analysis system, and the number of oxides per unit area was calculated according to these detected data. In order to evaluate the oxygen content existing as oxides in the steel, it was calculated by Equations (1)-(4) [17], in which DeHoff's formulas were expressed by Equations (1) and (2), the volume fraction of oxides was calculated by Equation 3, and the oxygen content existing as oxides in the steel was calculated by Equation (4).…”

Section: The Relationship Of Smelting Time and Content Of Combined Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The life of bearing is significant for security in engineering. However, non-metal inclusion as a kind of defect is one of the most important causes of life reduction of bearing [2][3][4]. In order to ensure the quality of bearing, there are two kinds of control conception: One controls the cleanliness of bearing steel, meaning very low total oxygen (T.O) content in the steel, and the other controls the type and morphology of inclusions by reducing inclusions unfavorable to fatigue life, such as TiN and large-sized calcium aluminate (Ca-Al-O) [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Research of Low-Oxygen Control and Oxygen Behavior during RH Process in Silicon-Deoxidization Bearing Steel

Xiao

Wang

Bao

2019

Metals

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The variation of total oxygen (T.O) content, characterization of inclusions, slag composition, and off-gas behavior during the smelting process of silicon-deoxidization bearing steel were investigated with industrial experiments. The change of content of combined oxygen during RH (Ruhrstahl–Hereaeus vacuum degassing furnace) process was calculated and compared with T.O content change. It is found that the decrease of oxygen content is mainly caused by the removal of dissolved oxygen rather than the removal of oxides during RH process. Carbon was found to be a strong deoxidizer (stronger than aluminum) in high vacuum degree. Top slag is an oxygen source of the deoxidization process, leading to the re-oxidization of liquid steel, even though the FeO content is low in top slag. During the RH process, the change of oxygen mainly exists in three processes: 1) Deoxidization reaction in vacuum chamber, 2) oxygen mass transfer process between liquid steel out from a vacuum chamber and in ladle, and 3) oxygen mass transfer between ladle slag and liquid steel. It depends mainly on the mass transfer of the oxygen in the liquid steel.

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Effect of main inclusions on crack initiation in bearing steel in the very high cycle fatigue regime

Cited by 45 publications

References 21 publications

Precipitation Behavior of Large Primary Carbides in Cast H13 Steel

Precipitation Behavior of Large Primary Carbides in Cast H13 Steel

Quantitative Analysis of Inclusion Engineering on the Fatigue Property Improvement of Bearing Steel

The Research of Low-Oxygen Control and Oxygen Behavior during RH Process in Silicon-Deoxidization Bearing Steel

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