Effect of Manganese on Radiation Vulcanization of Natural Rubber

Abstract

Manganese was added as a promoter to investigate physico-mechanical properties of radiationvulcanized natural rubber latex (RVNRL) films. RVNRL films were prepared by the addition of Mn with the concentration range 0-30 ppm to natural rubber latex and irradiated with various radiation doses (0-20 kGy). Tensile strength, tear strength, and cross-linking density of the irradiated rubber films increased with increasing the concentration of Mn ions as well as radiation doses. In contrast, elongation at break, permanent set, and swelling ratio of the films were decreased under the same conditions. The concentration of Mn ions and radiation doses were optimized and found to be 20 ppm and 12 kGy, respectively. The maximum tensile and tear strengths of irradiated rubber films were observed as 29.12 MPa and 44.78 N/mm, respectively at the optimum conditions. The mechanical properties of the films increased markedly with the addition of Mn until they attained the highest values of 33.88 MPa and 54.77 N/mm, respectively. These enhancements, which reached approximately 20% at the most favorable conditions, can be explained by the effect of transition metals in view of Fajan's rules regarding the covalent character of ionic bonds and suggest that the higher the difference in charges between cation and anion, the higher the ability to form distortion or polarization of ions.

Sustainable 3D printing with recycled tire rubber-based filaments: an investigation of process parameters and mechanical behaviour

“…Its processability and printability potential have been mechanistically explained based on melt flow rate values. In Khan and Faizan (2023), the authors proposed a novel material obtained by combining WTR and PP at different concentrations. Results demonstrate that the presence of the WTR decreases the tensile strength of the composite compared to the virgin PP, but an increase in the elongation at break is observed.…”