Effect of Martensitic Transformation and Grain Size on the Surface Roughening Behavior in SUS 304 and SUS 316 Thin Metal Foils

Abstract

The surface roughening and martensitic phase transformation (MPT) of SUS 304 and SUS 316 were studied through two experiments: a uniaxial tensile stress test, repeated for five cycles, and an Scanning Electron Microscope–Electron Backscaterr Diffraction (SEM-EBSD) investigation. The MPT and martensitic volume fraction (Mf) were evaluated following the tensile test. The correlation between MPT, Mf, and surface roughening behavior was investigated. The experiment showed that an increase in the strain level from 0.4% to 1% increased the MPT and Mf, which transformed from a metastable austenitic phase in SUS 304. The increased strain level increased the surface roughening for various grain sizes (Dg), from fine grain (Dg < 3 μm) to coarse grain (Dg ≥ 3 μm). SUS 304 and SUS 316 are used so that the surface roughening mechanism between SUS 304 and SUS 316, with different phase conditions and at a similar Dg, can be determined. The results showed that the surface roughening increased for both fine and coarse grain at strain levels of 0.4% and 1%; however, a larger increase of surface roughening was obtained for coarse grain. In coarse grain, surface roughening increased significantly not only with a low MPT, but also with a low grain deformation. In coarse grain, the surface roughening increased proportionally to the strain level (εp) because of the low MPT and weak grain. In fine grain, the surface roughening did not increase proportionally to the εp because of the high MPT, which increased the grain strength in SUS 304. In the fine grain of SUS 304, the increase of surface roughening was nearly the same both at strain levels of 0.4% and 1%, because the MPT and Mf were nearly the same. The surface roughening with the same εp and almost the same Dg in SUS 304 and SUS 316 fine grain was nearly the same, because the grain deformation almost produced the same relative inclination between neighboring grains in the initial state direction to the surface. The inter-grain movement changed the grain orientation. Based on kernel average misorientation (KAM) mapping, the local grain misorientation in SUS 304 was higher than that in SUS 316. This indicated that the fine-grain SUS 304 is harder than the fine-grain SUS 316. There is no MPT in SUS 316 because of the higher austenitic phase, which is affected by the austenitic former, such as Ni.

Effect of Grain Misorientation and Martensitic Transformation on Surface Roughening Behavior in Thin Austenitic Stainless Steel Foils

“…The coarse-grained specimens had higher ductility than fine-grained foils, as shown in Figure 1. Higher ductility was associated with an increase in the surface roughness value (Aziz and Yang, 2020). After the uniaxial tensile test, the MPT was more extensive, larger, and more uniform in the fine-grained SUS 304 thin foil than in its coarse-grained counterpart.…”

“…As a result, the grain strength of SUS 304 was higher than that of SUS 316. SUS 316 had a lower grain strength than the SUS 304 thin foil because the grain strength of SUS 316 was only affected by the GM (Aziz and Yang, 2020). SUS 304 had higher ductility than SUS 316 because after annealing at 400°C, the slip band became more active in SUS 304 than it did in SUS 316 (Tomita and Iwamoto, 1995;Qin and Xia, 2020).…”

“…Without annealing, coarse grain (Dg = 9.0 µm) deformation causes a proportional increase in surface roughness during uniaxial tests, whereas in fine grain (Dg 3.0 and 1.5 µm) deformation, the surface roughness increase is not proportional. The MPT has been shown to affect the surface roughening behavior of coarse-grained SUS 304 (Aziz and Yang, 2020). The ductility of SUS 304 and SUS 316 could be enhanced via annealing treatment (Shuro et al, 2010).…”

“…Austenitic stainless steel foils have a wide range of applications in many industries, such as the electric power, electronics, biomedicals, nuclear, and food. Because of the high demand for microparts, austenitic stainless steel foils have received a great deal of attention (Aziz and Yang, 2020). The uniaxial tensile test induces a martensitic phase transformation (MPT) in stainless steel.…”

Effect of Phase Transformation on Surface Roughening Behavior in Austenitic Thin Metal Foils

“…Aziz et al [12] concluded that the surface roughness behavior in SUS 316 and SUS 304 thin foils depend on the existence of MPT in various Dg below 10µm. When the MPT is lower, the surface roughness increase higher.…”