Effect of maternal exposure to nicotine in the rat on level and binding of somatostatin in brain of developing offspring

Barrios, Vicente; Rodriguez-Sanchez, M.N.; Arilla, E.

doi:10.1016/0028-3908(91)90076-n

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In a recent investigation, 1 our group found a strong and significant positive association between cigarette smoking in mothers during pregnancy and ADHD in their children. These results were consistent with studies linking maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and long‐term behavioral and cognitive problems in children and animals 2–19 …”

supporting

confidence: 91%

“…The fact that ADHD and cigarette smoking were associated with each other in both boys and girls may have particularly serious implications for girls with ADHD. Because ADHD is associated with impulsivity and substance abuse, girls with ADHD may be at particularly high risk for teenage pregnancy; and maternal smoking during pregnancy has, in turn, been shown to be associated with a wide range of deleterious outcomes in the offspring, including ADHD and impaired cognitive functioning 2–19 . Because ADHD in girls has been shown to be familial, 77 and smoking during pregnancy has been shown to be harmful to offspring, the children of mothers with ADHD may be at very high risk for neuropsychiatrie sequelae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Further Evidence of an Association Between Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Cigarette Smoking

et al. 1997

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The authors investigated the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cigarette smoking in siblings of ADHD and non-ADHD probands. They conducted a 4-year follow-up of siblings from ADHD and control-group families. In the siblings of ADHD probands, ADHD was associated with higher rates and earlier onset of cigarette smoking. There was also a significant positive association between cigarette smoking and conduct disorder, major depression, and drug abuse in the siblings, even after adjusting for confounding variables. Moreover, smoking was found to be familial among ADHD families but not control-group families. Our findings indicate that ADHD is a risk factor for early initiation of cigarette smoking in the high-risk siblings of ADHD probands.

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confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further Evidence of an Association Between Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Cigarette Smoking

et al. 1997

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ADHD Is Associated With Early Initiation of Cigarette Smoking in Children and Adolescents

Milberger

Biederman

Faraone

et al. 1997

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

477

274

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Risks and Benefits of Nicotine to Aid Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy

2001

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Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is the single largest modifiable risk for pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality in the US. Addiction to nicotine prevents many pregnant women who wish to quit smoking from doing so. The safety and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation during pregnancy have not been well studied. Nicotine is classified by the US Food and Drug Administration as a Pregnancy Category D drug. Animal studies indicate that nicotine adversely affects the developing fetal CNS, and nicotine effects on the brain may be involved in the pathophysiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). It has been assumed that the cardiovascular effects of nicotine resulting in reduced blood flow to the placenta (uteroplacental insufficiency) is the predominant mechanism of the reproductive toxicity of cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Short term high doses of nicotine in pregnant animals do adversely affect the maternal and fetal cardiovascular systems. However, studies of the acute effects of NRT in pregnant humans indicate that nicotine alone has minimal effects upon the maternal and fetal cardiovascular systems. Cigarette smoking delivers thousands of chemicals, some of which are well documented reproductive toxins (e.g. carbon monoxide and lead). A myriad of cellular and molecular biological abnormalities have been documented in placentas, fetuses, and newborns of pregnant women who smoke. The cumulative abnormalities produced by the various toxins in cigarette smoke are probably responsible for the numerous adverse reproductive outcomes associated with smoking. It is doubtful that the reproductive toxicity of cigarette smoking is primarily related to nicotine. We recommend the following. Efficacy trials of NRT as adjunctive therapy for smoking cessation during pregnancy should be conducted. The initial dose of nicotine in NRT should be similar to the dose of nicotine that the pregnant woman received from smoking. Intermittent-use formulations of NRT (gum, spray, inhaler) are preferred because the total dose of nicotine delivered to the fetus will be less than with continuous-use formulations (transdermal patch). A national registry for NRT use during pregnancy should be created to prospectively collect obstetrical outcome data from NRT efficacy trials and from individual use. The goal of this registry would be to determine the safety of NRT use during pregnancy, especially with respect to uncommon outcomes such as placental abruption. Finally, our review of the data indicate that minimal amounts of nicotine are excreted into breast milk and that NRT can be safely used by breast-feeding mothers.

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Effect of maternal exposure to nicotine in the rat on level and binding of somatostatin in brain of developing offspring

Cited by 4 publications

References 35 publications

Further Evidence of an Association Between Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Cigarette Smoking

Further Evidence of an Association Between Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Cigarette Smoking

ADHD Is Associated With Early Initiation of Cigarette Smoking in Children and Adolescents

Risks and Benefits of Nicotine to Aid Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy

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