Annealing and firing in wet hydrogen are widely used steps in the processing alumina-ceramic insulators that may affect their dielectric breakdown strengths (DBS). In this study, the effects of annealing (at 1300 ℃ for 7 h) and firing in wet hydrogen on the DBS of alumina ceramics (all sintered at 1650 ℃) were studied, and the underlying mechanisms were analyzed by material characterizations. Annealing reduced the DBS of the 95% alumina ceramics due to the inter-granular phase crystallization, and the reduction in the DBS could be correlated to the reduction in mechanical strength. In contrast, annealing improved the DBS of the 99% alumina ceramic without intergranular phase transformation. Firing in wet hydrogen at 1500 ℃ caused the DBS increment, which can be ascribed to the reduction in the concentrations of point defects and electrical carriers.