Effect of metal vaporization behavior on keyhole-mode surface morphology of selective laser melted composites using different protective atmospheres

Microstructure, defects and mechanical behavior of beta-type titanium porous structures manufactured by electron beam melting and selective laser melting

“…The mechanism of defects formation during additive manufacturing process is complex and not yet fully understood [24]. For most metallic powders, the reported possible reasons for defects formation include powder defects [33], insufficient energy [10,34], balling [31,35], material vaporization [36] and imperfect collapse of the keyhole [37,38]. Gong et al [39] pointed out that the defects can have a negative influence on the tensile and fatigue properties of EBM/SLM-produced samples.…”

Additively manufactured porous metallic biomaterials

“…At the same time, excessive levels of energy will lead to transitioning from the conduction mode to the so-called ''keyhole mode'' where deep melt pools and evaporation of the processed material lead to large manufacturing defects. [175][176][177] The above-mentioned parameters should therefore be selected such that the size of the melt pool is closely controlled and the amount of the generated heat stays within the desired range.…”

Effect of Post Treatment on the Microstructure, Surface Roughness and Residual Stress Regarding the Fatigue Strength of Selectively Laser Melted AlSi10Mg Structures

“…Current studies on stainless and tool steels as well as titanimum alloys deal with the importance of surface quality, process parameters as well as post treatments and possible reasons for defects formations. For example, powder defects, insufficient energy and consequent partially melted powder particles or material vaporization impact static and cyclic material properties [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Additionally, the manufacturability of lattice structure by AM provides huge potential in terms of lightweight design and is subject to many research works.…”