Effect of methyl jasmonate and salycilic acid synergism on enhancement of bilobalide and ginkgolide production by immobilized cell cultures of Ginkgo biloba

Abstract

Background: Bilobalide and ginkgolides are reported to be present only in Ginkgo biloba. However, only trace amounts of bilobalide and ginkgolides are contained in the ginkgo leaves. Nowadays, there has been considerable interest in plant cell cultures as a potential alternative to traditional agriculture for the industrial production of secondary metabolites. Much effort has been put into the use of in vitro cultures as one attractive biotechnological strategy for producing bilobalide and ginkgolides of commercial interest. The aim of this study was to enhance the production of bilobalide and ginkgolides A, B, and C in cell cultures of G. biloba using immobilized cell cultures and the process of elicitation.Results: Based on the effect of the immobilization components on the free cell suspension cultures, it was considered that the jute fiber acted as an elicitor and forced the cells to release the product into the culture media. The resulting biomass was approximately 1.4 times higher than in the cell suspension cultures, and the production of bilobalide and ginkgolides A, B, and C increased 5.0, 3.3, 6.1, and 4.1 times, respectively. Eliciting with methyl jasmonate (MJ) and salicylic acid (SA) in the immobilized cells enhanced bilobalide and ginkgolides A, B, and C, compared with the unelicited controls. The highest accumulation was observed using a combination of 0.1 mM MJ + 0.1 mM SA in the immobilized cells, which produced 1.78, 1.95, 2.05, and 2.95 times more bilobalide and ginkgolides A, B, and C, respectively, than the controls. Conclusions:The positive effects of immobilized cell cultures using jute fiber and the synergism effect of SA and MJ on immobilized cells of G. biloba appear to be the optimal conditions for continuous in vitro production for commercial purposes. This is the first report on analyzing the effects of jute fiber as immobilized cell material on G. biloba cell cultures and the synergism of MJ and SA on bilobalide and ginkgolide production.

Effect of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate in the production of phenolic compounds in plant cell suspension cultures of Thevetia peruviana

“…Similarly, it has been reported that the exogenous treatment with both SA and JA can result in an antagonistic effect on the production of PC and antioxidants in plants, because the salicylates can override aspects of JA signaling cascade [ 40 , 41 ]. However, antagonistic effect is not generalized and synergistic effect between SA and MeJA on plant secondary metabolism can also be produced [ 42 ].…”

Effect of Methyl Jasmonate on the Terpene Trilactones, Flavonoids, and Phenolic Acids in Ginkgo biloba L. Leaves: Relevance to Leaf Senescence

“…However, the contents of TTLs in tissue cultures are much lower compared with the levels in leaves growing on G. biloba trees. Thus, JA-Me and salicylic acid have often been used to increase the biosynthesis of essential secondary metabolites [ 45 , 46 ]. These studies showed that the use of JA-Me in G. biloba cell culture increases TTLs but at the same time slightly decreases cell growth [ 47 ].…”

“…The applied JA-Me strongly increased the production of these metabolites in cells and stimulated their release into the culture medium. Sukito and Tachibana [ 46 ] showed that JA-Me elicitation in immobilized G. biloba cell cultures increases the production of TTLs, and synergism between JA-Me and salicylic acid was found. In our study, JA-Me increased the content of ginkgolides A, B, and C but not bilobalide ( Figure 1 ).…”

“…Spraying G. biloba seedlings with JA-Me, as well as with salicylic acid and ethephon solutions, significantly increased the levels of TTLs, and the accumulation was positively correlated with the expression level of key genes. In contrast, ABA use had no effect on the content of TTLs [ 44 , 45 , 46 ].…”

Phenylalanine Increases the Production of Antioxidant Phenolic Acids in Ginkgo biloba Cell Cultures

“…Various studies have investigated G. biloba for the presence of different classes of chemical constituents, and the results revealed that this plant contains a number of secondary metabolites, including terpenoids, polyphenols, allyl phenols, organic acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids and lipids, amino acids, and inorganic salts [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Plant cell biotechnology studies on G. biloba focused on micropropagation or biosynthesis and accumulation of ginkgolides and bilobalide [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. The other secondary metabolites, such as catechins, were rarely investigated in in vitro cultures [ 15 ].…”