Effect of Microstructure on Hardness and Wear Properties of 45 Steel after Induction Hardening

Li, Jing; Cao, Zhongxuan; Liu, Lin; Liu, Xuedong; Peng, Jian

doi:10.1002/srin.202000540

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The microstructure could be refined and produce dislocations by heat treatment, which lead to increase in the hardness of the steel. [ 35 ] In addition, the sample had higher wear resistance than the other two processes after alternating water−air cycle quenching due to the formation of bainite/martensite multiphase microstructure. [ 36 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure Evolution and Cooling Characteristics at C−Si−Mn−Cr Steel during Different Quenching Processes

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2021

steel research int.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure Evolution and Cooling Characteristics at C−Si−Mn−Cr Steel during Different Quenching Processes

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2021

steel research int.

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“…Moving forward, the next tribological performance enhancement techniques were designed to harden the surface of the tool steels by modifying the surface microstructure and composition. While processes such as carburizing [18], nitriding [19], and nitrocarburizing [20] altered the surface composition, processes such as flame hardening [21], induction hardening [22], high energy beam hardening [23], and shot peening [24] resulted in surface microstructure modification. Nonetheless, the processes in the former category were not versatile, required postprocessing of the hardened tool, and were also time-consuming [12,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Cathodic Arc Evaporation Physical Vapour Deposition (CAE-PVD) Coatings for Enhanced Tribological Performance

Muhammed,

Javidani,

Ebrahimi Sadrabadi

et al. 2024

Coatings

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In the realm of industries focused on tribology, such as the machining industry, among others, the primary objective has been tribological performance enhancement, given its substantial impact on production cost. Amid the variety of tribological enhancement techniques, cathodic arc evaporation physical vapour deposition (CAE-PVD) coatings have emerged as a promising solution offering both tribological performance enhancement and cost-effectiveness. This review article aims to systematically present the subject of CAE-PVD coatings in light of the tribological performance enhancement. It commences with a comprehensive discussion on substrate preparation, emphasizing the significant effect of substrate roughness on the coating properties and the ensuing tribological performance. The literature analysis conducted revealed that optimum tribological performance could be achieved with an average roughness (Ra) of 0.1 µm. Subsequently, the article explores the CAE-PVD process and the coating’s microstructural evolution with emphasis on advances in macroparticles (MPs) formation and reduction. Further discussions are provided on the characterization of the coatings’ microstructural, mechanical, electrochemical and tribological properties. Most importantly, crucial analytical discussions highlighting the impact of deposition parameters namely: arc current, temperature and substrate bias on the coating properties are also provided. The examination of the analyzed literature revealed that the optimum tribological performance can be attained with a 70 to 100 A arc current, a substrate bias ranging from −100 to −200 V and a deposition temperature exceeding 300 °C. The article further explores advancements in coating doping, monolayer and multilayer coating architectures of CAE-PVD coatings. Finally, invaluable recommendations for future exploration by prospective researchers to further enrich the field of study are also provided.

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“…Laser cladding is a surface modification technology with the advantages of causing no pollution, and comprising a short process and smart manufacturing, and it is widely used in the steel, automobile, and aeronautical and space fields [1][2][3]. Usually, 45 steel parts are used as the shaft under the condition of high-speed rotation or friction and wear [4][5][6][7]. In these harsh conditions, these parts usually have a short service life or cause accidents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ceramic Particles on Ni-Based Alloy Coating Fabricated via Laser Technology

Zhang,

Wang,

Wang

et al. 2023

Lubricants

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Laser cladding is a new technology for fabricating coatings with good properties, such as wear resistance, lubrication, and corrosion resistance. Usually, parts of 45 steel are used as a shaft under conditions of high-speed rotation or friction and wear, and they have a short service life and sometimes cause accidents. In order to avoid serious accidents, a cladding coating made from a Ni-based alloy with ceramic particles was fabricated via laser technology on a substrate of 45 steel in this research. The microstructure and properties were investigated via SEM, EDS, XRD, and a wear and friction tester. The results show that there was an obvious boundary between the cladding coating and the substrate. The main phases were γ(Fe, Ni), WC, TiC, Cr2Ti, and Cr23C6. In the middle of cladding coating, the microstructure was composed of dendrite and cellular crystals, while the microstructure was composed of equiaxial crystals in the bonding region. Inside the cellular crystal, the main phase was γ~(Fe, Ni), which occasionally also showed the appearance of some white particles inside the cellular crystal. Compared with the cellular crystal, the boundary had less of the Fe and Ni elements and more of the Cr and W elements. The amount of C element around the dendrite crystal was more than that around the boundary of cellular crystal due to the long formation time of dendrite. The white particles around the boundary were carbides, such as WC and Cr23C6 phases. Meanwhile, the segregation of the Si element also appeared around the boundaries of the crystal. The maximum microhardness was 772.4 HV0.5, which was about 3.9 times as much as the substrate’s microhardness. The friction coefficients of the 45 steel substrate and Ni-based alloy coating were usually around 0.3 and 0.1, respectively. The Ni-based coating had a smaller coefficient and more stable fluctuations. The wear volume of the cladding coating (0.16 mm3) was less than that of the substrate (1.1 mm3), which was about 14.5% of the wear volume of 45 steel substrate. The main reason was the existence of reinforced phases, such as γ~(Fe, Ni), Cr23C6, and Cr2Ti. The added small WC and TiC particles also enhanced the wear resistance further. The main wear mechanism of the cladding coating was changed to be adhesive wear due to the ceramic particles, which was helpful in improving the service life of 45 steel.

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Effect of Microstructure on Hardness and Wear Properties of 45 Steel after Induction Hardening

Cited by 18 publications

References 31 publications

Microstructure Evolution and Cooling Characteristics at C−Si−Mn−Cr Steel during Different Quenching Processes

Microstructure Evolution and Cooling Characteristics at C−Si−Mn−Cr Steel during Different Quenching Processes

A Comprehensive Review of Cathodic Arc Evaporation Physical Vapour Deposition (CAE-PVD) Coatings for Enhanced Tribological Performance

Effect of Ceramic Particles on Ni-Based Alloy Coating Fabricated via Laser Technology

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