Effect of moderate dietary restriction on visceral organ weight, hepatic oxygen consumption, and metabolic proteins associated with energy balance in mature pregnant beef cows1,2

Wood, Kevin; Awda, Basim J.; Fitzsimmons, Carolyn; Miller, S P; McBride, B.W.; Swanson, K. C.

doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6421

Cited by 18 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In dairy cattle, several studies have evaluated the effects of different physiological stages (prepartum, early lactation, and late lactation), different diets for heifers, and days relative to calving on organ mass (Andrew et al, 1994;Moallem et al, 2004;Reynolds et al, 2004). In beef cows, Wood et al (2013) did not observe a difference in lung mass between cows that were fed at 85 and 140% of their nutritional requirements. According to Cesta (2006), the 3 main factors that affect spleen development are species, age, and genetic composition.…”

Section: Feeding Regimenmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Effects of day of gestation and feeding regimen in Holstein × Gyr cows: II. Maternal and fetal visceral organ mass

Rotta

Filho

Gionbelli

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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This study investigated the influence of day of gestation (DG) and feeding regimens (FR) on maternal and fetal visceral organ mass in Holstein × Gyr cows. Forty-four pregnant multiparous Holstein × Gyr cows with an average initial body weight of 480±10.1 kg and an average initial age of 5±0.5 yr were allocated to 1 of 2 FR: ad libitum (AL; n=20) or maintenance level (ML; n=24). Maintenance level was considered to be 1.15% of body weight (dry matter basis) and met 100% of the energy requirements; AL provided 190% of the total net energy requirements. Cows were individually fed a corn silage and concentrate-based diet composed of 93% roughage and 7% concentrate (dry matter basis) as a total mixed ration twice daily. Pregnant cows were slaughtered at 4 DG: 139 (n=11), 199 (n=11), 241 (n=11), and 268 (n=11) d, which was followed by necropsy. Mass of heart, liver, and gastrointestinal tract was heavier in AL- than in ML-fed cows. Mammary gland mass was heavier in AL- than in ML-fed cows, and the heaviest mass was observed at 268 d of gestation. Feeding regimen did not influence fetal body weight in this study. The majority of the visceral organ masses were similar in fetuses from cows fed AL or ML. These data indicate that maternal feed restriction does not affect the development of most fetal organs or fetal development; however, some maternal organs are affected by the FR provided. Moreover, the negative effect on mammary gland mass caused by ML feeding will probably not affect the subsequent lactation because the crude protein concentration in the mammary gland increased with ML feeding. However, we suggest that the AL diet in pregnant dry cows should be provided with caution because the amount of fat in the mammary gland increased at 268 d of gestation.

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Section: Feeding Regimenmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…However, we demonstrated in this study that FR also influences spleen mass. Wood et al (2013) demonstrated a greater rumen mass in cows that were fed 140% of their nutrient energy requirements compared with those fed 85%. According to those authors, this may be due to greater rumen fill, which could influence rumen mass.…”

Section: Feeding Regimenmentioning

confidence: 93%

Effects of day of gestation and feeding regimen in Holstein × Gyr cows: II. Maternal and fetal visceral organ mass

Rotta

Filho

Gionbelli

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…The experiments were approved by the University of Guelph Animal Care Committee and the animals were cared for according to the guidelines of the Canadian Council of Animal Care (1993). Animal care and experimental design were described previously (Wood et al 2013a(Wood et al , 2013b.…”

Section: Animal Management and Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For experiment 2 (Wood et al 2013a), 22 (11 per dietary treatment) nonlactating, mature pregnant beef cows, primarily of Angus and Simmental crossbreeding were used in a randomized complete block design. Each block (n = 5 or 6) was slaughtered approximately 4 wk before expected date of parturition (approximately 250 d of gestation).…”

Section: Animal Management and Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of pregnancy and plane of nutrition during pregnancy on pancreatic digestive enzymes and insulin-containing cell cluster morphology in beef cows

Awda

Wood

Keomanivong³

et al. 2016

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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To determine effects of pregnancy (experiment 1) and plane of nutrition during pregnancy (experiment 2) on pancreatic digestive enzymes and morphology of insulin-containing cell clusters, beef cows were slaughtered, and the pancreas collected 4 wk before parturition (if pregnant or similar time on feed for nonpregnant cows). In experiment 1, mature, nonlactating cows [717 ± 70 kg; nine pregnant (PREG) and nine nonpregnant (OPEN)] were used. In experiment 2, nonlactating, pregnant cows (639 ± 68 kg) were fed at 85% (n = 11; LOW) or 140% (n = 11; HIGH) of net energy (NE) requirements. Concentration (U g −1) and content (U kg −1 BW) of α-amylase and trypsin activities were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in OPEN than PREG cows. Pregnant cows had greater (P ≤ 0.03) insulin-cell cluster size and proportion of large insulin-containing cell clusters than OPEN cows. Concentration and content of α-amylase activity were greater (P ≤ 0.04) in HIGH than LOW cows. These data indicate that pregnancy status (PREG vs. OPEN) impacts pancreatic exocrine and endocrine functions and that plane of nutrition (85% vs. 140% of NE requirements) of pregnant cows may not greatly impact pancreatic exocrine and endocrine functions.

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“…Perhaps, these changes occur to adjust to the restricted amount of available nutrients to maintain BW (Ferrell et al, 1986;Burrin et al, 1989). Research in pregnant cows fed at either 85% or 140% of NE requirments indicated that cows fed at the lower NE intake level from mid-gestation until day 250 had decreased hepatic in vitro O 2 consumption per gram protein or relative to BW but hepatic weight did not differ between treatments (Wood et al, 2013). This may indicate nutrient restriction later in gestation may have different effects than during early or mid-gestation.…”

Section: In Sheepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient restriction and realimentation in beef cows during early and mid-gestation and maternal and fetal hepatic and small intestinal in vitro oxygen consumption

Prezotto

Camacho

Lemley

et al. 2016

Animal

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Objectives were to determine the effects of advancing gestation, maternal nutrient restriction during early and mid-gestation, and realimentation on fetal liver and jejunal mass and energy use in both dams and fetuses. On day 30 of pregnancy, multiparous, non-lactating beef cows (initial BW = 621 ± 11.3 kg and body condition score = 5.1 ± 0.1) were assigned to one of the two dietary treatments: control (CON; 100% requirements; n = 18) and restricted (R; 60% requirements; n = 28). On day 85, cows were slaughtered (CON, n = 6; R, n = 6), and remaining cows continued on control (CC; n = 12) and restricted (RR; n = 12) diets, or were realimented to the control diet (RC; n = 11). On day 140, cows were slaughtered (CC, n = 6; RR, n = 6; RC, n = 5), remaining cows continued on the control diet (CCC, n = 6; RCC, n = 5), or were realimented to the control diet (RRC, n = 6). On day 254, all remaining cows were slaughtered. Maternal liver O 2 consumption linearly increased ( P ⩽ 0.04) and jejunal weight (g/kg) linearly decreased (P = 0.04) as gestation advanced in CON groups. Fetal BW, and hepatic and small intestinal absolute mass, protein content and O 2 consumption linearly increased ( P ⩽ 0.04) as pregnancy advanced in CON groups. However, mass and O 2 consumption relative to BW linearly decreased ( P ⩽ 0.001) in the fetal liver in CON groups. When analyzing the effects of dietary treatment, at day 85, fetal jejunal O 2 consumption (mol/min per kg BW) was lower ( P = 0.02) in the R group when compared with the CON group. At day 140, maternal hepatic weight (g) was lower ( P = 0.02) in RC and RR cows when compared with CC, and fetal jejunual O 2 consumption (mmol/min per mg tissue and mmol/min per g protein) was greater ( P ⩽ 0.02) in RC when compared with RR. At day 254, maternal hepatic O 2 consumption (absolute and relative to BW) was lower ( P ⩽ 0.04) in the RCC cows when compared with RRC. Fetal hepatic weight was lower ( P = 0.05) in the CCC group when compared with RCC and RRC. The changes in response to nutrient restriction and realimentation in both the dam and fetus may indicate an adaptation to a lower amount of available nutrients by altering tissue mass and metabolism.Keywords: bovine, energy use, fetal, maternal, viscera ImplicationsPoor nutrition during pregnancy can result in long-lasting negative effects on the cow and offspring. Our data suggest that cows and fetuses have the ability to adapt to restriction and realimentation by altering mass or energy use in an attempt to increase the digestion and utilization of feed or to alter maintenance requirements to maintain fetal growth and development. Maternal realimentation and length of realimentation has the potential to change the effects observed in cows and fetuses by mid or late gestation. These effects may influence whole animal energetic efficiency and future productivity of the cow and offspring. IntroductionPregnancy results in a 20% to 50% increase in maternal metabolic rate, measured via O 2 consumption, in most mammals (Stock and Metcalfe, 199...

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Effect of moderate dietary restriction on visceral organ weight, hepatic oxygen consumption, and metabolic proteins associated with energy balance in mature pregnant beef cows1,2

Cited by 18 publications

References 55 publications

Effects of day of gestation and feeding regimen in Holstein × Gyr cows: II. Maternal and fetal visceral organ mass

Effects of day of gestation and feeding regimen in Holstein × Gyr cows: II. Maternal and fetal visceral organ mass

The influence of pregnancy and plane of nutrition during pregnancy on pancreatic digestive enzymes and insulin-containing cell cluster morphology in beef cows

Nutrient restriction and realimentation in beef cows during early and mid-gestation and maternal and fetal hepatic and small intestinal in vitro oxygen consumption

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