Effect of moderate weight loss on ovarian function assessed by salivary progesterone measurements

Lager, Catherine; Ellison, Peter T.

doi:10.1002/ajhb.1310020312

Cited by 69 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…For example, average progesterone was lower in Nepalese, Polish, and Congolese women during seasons of food shortage and͞or increased work demands compared to relatively less stressful seasons in the respective populations (11)(12)(13), and progesterone was lowered by moderate weight loss in a study of U.S. women (28).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpopulational differences in progesterone levels during conception and implantation in humans

Vitzthum

Spielvogel

Thornburg

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

102

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Clinical studies of women from the United States demonstrate a sensitivity of the ovarian system to energetic stress. Even moderate exercise or caloric restriction can lead to lower progesterone levels and failure to ovulate. Yet women in many nonindustrial populations experience as many as a dozen pregnancies in a lifetime despite poor nutritional resources, heavy workloads, and typical progesterone levels only about two-thirds of those of U.S. women. Previous cross-sectional studies of progesterone may, however, suffer from inadvertent selection bias. In a noncontracepting population, the most fecund women, who might be expected to have the highest progesterone, are more likely to be pregnant or breastfeeding and hence unavailable for a crosssectional study of the ovarian cycle. The present longitudinal study was designed to ascertain whether lower progesterone also characterizes conception, implantation, and gestation in women from nonindustrialized populations. We compared rural Bolivian Aymara women (n ‫؍‬ 191) to women from Chicago (n ‫؍‬ 29) and found that mean-peak-luteal progesterone in the ovulatory cycles of Bolivian women averaged Ϸ71% that of the women from Chicago. In conception cycles, progesterone levels in Bolivian women during the periovulatory period were Ϸ63%, and during the peri-implantation period were Ϸ50%, those of the U.S. women. These observations argue that lower progesterone levels typically characterize the reproductive process in Bolivian women and perhaps others from nonindustrialized populations. We discuss the possible proximate and evolutionary explanations for this variation and note the implications for developing suitable hormonal contraceptives and elucidating the etiology of cancers of the breast and reproductive tract.I n an evaluation of demographic data from populations worldwide, Bongaarts (1) concluded that, except in cases of famine, nutritional factors play a relatively minor role in determining human fecundity (capacity to conceive) or fertility (number of live births). Despite characteristically marginal nutritional status and the demands of arduous activities, women in less developed countries often average seven to eight pregnancies, some having 12 or more during a lifetime. Differences among populations, or reductions from a theoretical maximum, appear fully attributable to a limited set of behavioral and physiological proximate fertility determinants apparently little affected by nutritional factors. If neither fecundity nor fertility is thus significantly influenced, neither is fecundability (the monthly probability of conception). Yet clinical studies of women from the United States indicate a sensitivity of ovarian function to both relatively low energy intake and͞or high energy expenditure. The most extreme response, failure to ovulate, may occur in the face of only moderate energetic stress (2-4) and, of course, reduces fecundity and fecundability to 0. Short of anovulation, milder disruptions of ovarian function may also reduce fecundability. Why should o...

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpopulational differences in progesterone levels during conception and implantation in humans

Vitzthum

Spielvogel

Thornburg

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

102

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“…To represent those factors, the following variables are used in the model: age, TEI, TEE, and change in body fat percentage between the beginning and the end of the harvest season (fat% change). The July^August change in the subcutaneous fat is used to represent energy balance, as the data indicate that ovarian function is sensitive to changes in body composition (Lager & Ellison 1990). Other body composition variables (mean body weight and body mass index) did not change from July to August with increased TEE and were not incorporated in analyses.…”

Section: Data Analyses: Causal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical work causes suppression of ovarian function in women

Jasieńska

Ellison

1998

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

138

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The suppression of reproductive function is known to occur in women engaging in activities that require high energetic expenses, such as sport participation and subsistence work. It is still unclear, however, if reproductive suppression is a response to high levels of energy expenditure, or only to the resulting state of negative energy balance. To our knowledge, this study provides the ¢rst evidence that work-related energy expenditure alone, without associated negative energy balance, can lead to the suppression of reproductive function in women. We document suppression of ovarian function expressed as lowered salivary progesterone levels in women from an agricultural community who work hard, but remain in neutral energy balance. We propose two alternative evolutionary explanations (the`pre-emptive ovarian suppression' hypothesis and the`constrained down-regulation' hypothesis) for the observed results.

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“…Well documented is the influence of lifestyle on sex-steroid levels, especially factors related to availability of metabolic energy during fetal and adult life (11,12,(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(60)(61)(62). Future studies should investigate a relationship between environmental effects and genetic polymorphism in CYP17 from the perspective of genotype-environment interactions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many sources of this variation have been identified. Levels of ovarian hormones are sensitive to factors related to fetal development (11,12), childhood growth (13), and adult life (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). It is also likely that variation in sex-steroid levels results partly from genetic variation (i.e., polymorphism of genes that control steroid hormone biosynthesis; refs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CYP17Genotypes Differ in Salivary 17-β Estradiol Levels: A Study Based on Hormonal Profiles from Entire Menstrual Cycles

Jasieńska¹,

Kapiszewska

Ellison

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Variation in the levels of sex-steroid hormones results from differences in developmental conditions, adult lifestyle, and genetic polymorphism. Genes involved in sex-steroid biosynthesis have been implicated to influence levels of hormones in premenopausal women, but the results were inconclusive. We tested variation among women in levels of salivary estradiol (E 2 ) corresponding to CYP17 genotypes. CYP17 encodes cytochrome P450c17A, which mediates two enzymes important in E 2 synthesis. In contrast to the earlier studies that relied on one or a few samples for assessing the E 2 levels of an individual woman, our study is based on daily collected saliva samples for one entire menstrual cycle. Sixty Polish women, ages 24 to 36 years, with regular menstrual cycles and no reported fertility problems participated in the study. Women with A2/A2 genotype had 54% higher mean E 2 levels than women with A1/A1 genotype (P = 0.0001) and 37% higher than women with A1/A2 genotype (P = 0.0008). Heterozygous A1/A2 women had 13 % higher E 2 levels than homozygous A1/A1 women (but this difference was significant only in a nonparametric test). Levels of E 2 during the day with highest E 2 (day À1) were 72% higher in A2/A2 compared with A1/A1 (P = 0.01) and 52 % higher compared with A1/A2 (P = 0.03). Our results suggest that CYP17 genotype may serve as a biomarker of endocrine function in women of reproductive age. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2131 -5)

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Effect of moderate weight loss on ovarian function assessed by salivary progesterone measurements

Cited by 69 publications

References 35 publications

Interpopulational differences in progesterone levels during conception and implantation in humans

Interpopulational differences in progesterone levels during conception and implantation in humans

Physical work causes suppression of ovarian function in women

CYP17Genotypes Differ in Salivary 17-β Estradiol Levels: A Study Based on Hormonal Profiles from Entire Menstrual Cycles

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