Effect of modified novolac resins on the physical properties and friction performance of railway brake blocks

Monreal, Pablo; Clavería, Isabel; Arteta, Patxi; Rouzaut, Teresa

doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106722

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Further the effectiveness of control parameters was analyzed in terms of contribution ratio as described in Table 4 and presented in Eq. (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). The order of the parametric usefulness for wear was normal load > sliding distance > sliding velocity > composition.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, optimization of friction materials using decision-making models and several soft computing-based techniques are reported to optimize friction composites [8]. Among various components, fibrous reinforcements: such as organic fibers, inorganic fibers, metallic fibers, and their combinations, have been found to play an important role as they reinforce composites during production and also help in the formation of topographical features which help in the increment of tribological properties [9]. These fibers are synthetic and display many drawbacks, including non-recyclability, higher cost and energy consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wear analysis of natural-inorganic fiber reinforced automotive brake composites

Singh¹,

Fekete²

2021

eis

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Brake friction composite materials comprising varying proportions of natural (banana) and inorganic (lapinus) fibers were designed, fabricated by compression molding, and characterized for sliding wear performance. The sliding wear properties of the manufactured friction composites have been studied by the Taguchi method. An orthogonal array (L 16) was used to investigate the influence of sliding wear parameters. A series of tests were conducted on a pin-on-disc machine by considering four control parameters: composition, normal load, sliding velocity, and sliding distance, each having four levels. The results showed that the wear in terms of weight loss decreases with increasing banana fiber and increases with increasing lapinus fiber, normal load, sliding velocity, and sliding distance. The results indicate that the normal load emerges as the most significant control parameter affecting wear performance, followed by sliding distance and sliding velocity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wear analysis of natural-inorganic fiber reinforced automotive brake composites

Singh¹,

Fekete²

2021

eis

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“…First, a pre-mix was produced by mixing typical raw materials to be found in brake compositions. These raw materials included nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR, that can improve the mechanical properties of composite friction materials, as well as wear resistance, friction coefficient and damping braking noise (Fei et al, 2015;Surojo et al, 2019), steel fiber (the most widely used metallic fibers in friction materials, Kalel et al, 2021, can have effect in both the friction performance and wear of the friction material in which it is used, Matějka et al, 2009), barites (a very common filler, Kumar and Kumar, 2020, that is important in the formation of a stable transition layer, Menapace et al, 2018, and substantially influences the friction coefficient and specific wear ratio, Sugözü and Daghan, 2016), magnesium oxide (a soft abrasive which can serve as a wear reducing filler when in presence of more aggressive abrasives and can act as an accelerator, speeding up the rubber vulcanization, Singh et al, 2020) or zircon (an abrasive that can lead to heat resistance at elevated temperatures, Park et al, 2021), affect the friction stability depending on its particle size and modify the friction material wear rate, Shin et al), among others (Monreal et al, 2021a). These constituents were mixed for 2 min in a laboratory-scale powder disperser, which comprised of a cylindrical steel container with four spinning blades at its bottom.…”

Section: Preparation Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-scale dynamometer tests of composite railway brake shoes including latxa sheep wool fibers

Monreal-Pérez,

Elduque,

Lopez

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The main target of the present work is to characterize the effect of the inclusion of natural sheep wool (SW) into a railway brake block composition and then to compare it to that of a set of three organic fibers commonly used in the friction material industry: aramid fiber (AF), cellulose fiber (CF) and polyacrylonitrile fiber (PAN). In order to achieve this, 4 versions of the same friction material with a fixed amount of each organic fiber were produced and one more sample was manufactured including no organic fibers. The characterization work consisted of friction tests on a full-scale railway test rig. Then, the samples were SEM analyzed in order to characterize the tested surface microstructure. It was found that all organic fibers helped achieve a more stable bedding, and showed lower friction in wet conditions. They also affected the recovery %. Pictures of the blocks were taken after certain phases of the test and, although the failure sequence remained the same for all samples, the organic fibers very much influenced the magnitude of the wear rates. Sheep wool led to better results than cellulose. No final conclusions could be drawn with respect to metal pick-up. SEM analysis evidenced primary and secondary plateaus, but no significant differences were observed depending on the fiber nature. Finally, a Life Cycle Assessment with a "from cradle to gate" perspective was carried out. Ecoinvent v3.5 database and CML and ReCiPe Endpoint methodologies were used to evaluate the environmental impact create by the five brake block materials. Overall, cellulose, PAN and sheep wool brake blocks show slightly lower environmental impacts that the base material or than aramid fibers. Therefore, Latxa sheep wool offers a good balance between low cost, adequate wear rates and environmental impact, making it a compelling substitute for cellulose fibers.

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“…They are often used as a phenolic type thermosetting polymer resin binder in friction composites due to their low cost, good wetting ability, and good combination of mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties. [19,20] Phenolic resins are synthetic polymers obtained via the synthesis of phenol and formaldehyde. Since phenolic resins have a wide range of applications, the demand for novolac and resol thermoset resins drastically increased in the market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of tribological properties of graphite and glass fiber reinforced novolac matrix hybrid composites

Kocaman

Çuvalcı

2022

Polymer Composites

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Reinforcing the novolac matrix with glass fiber (GF) and graphite (Gr) was a promising method for producing high‐performance friction composites. In this context, the morphology of the matrix and additive particles used in the production of friction composites, microstructures, wear surfaces, and wear debris of friction composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy, while the crystal phases of the materials were scanned by X‐ray diffraction. Density measurements (Archimed's method), hardness, tensile behaviors, and thermal analyses (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry) of friction composites were performed. The variations in coefficient of friction (COF) and temperature with the change in sliding time were observed in detail at different additive ratios. The tribological behaviors of these composites were tested using a computer supported block‐on ring machine at sliding speeds of 200, 250, 300, and 350 rpm, applied loads of 50, 100, 150, and 200 N and constant time of 1800 s under dry conditions. Results indicated that with increase in the GF and Gr content, the stability of the (COF) became more stable and effectively reduced the specific wear rate. In addition, the wear resistance increased in parallel with the increase in normal loads and sliding speeds for all conditions.

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Effect of modified novolac resins on the physical properties and friction performance of railway brake blocks

Cited by 16 publications

References 28 publications

Wear analysis of natural-inorganic fiber reinforced automotive brake composites

Wear analysis of natural-inorganic fiber reinforced automotive brake composites

Full-scale dynamometer tests of composite railway brake shoes including latxa sheep wool fibers

The evolution of tribological properties of graphite and glass fiber reinforced novolac matrix hybrid composites

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