Effect of Molnupiravir on Biomarkers, Respiratory Interventions, and Medical Services in COVID-19

Johnson, Matthew G.; Puenpatom, Amy; Moncada, Pablo Andrés; Burgess, Lesley; Duke, Elizabeth R; Ohmagari, Norio; Wolf, Timo; Bassetti, Matteo; Bhagani, Sanjay; Ghosn, Jade; Zhang, Ying; Wan, Hong; Williams-Diaz, Angela; Brown, Michelle; Paschke, Amanda; Anda, Carisa De

doi:10.7326/m22-0729

Cited by 56 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…28 A secondary analysis of the MOVe-OUT trial identified a reduced need for respiratory interventions among molnupiravir recipients compared with those treated with placebo, including the patient subgroup who were hospitalised after randomisation. 32 Notably, our results established a significant mortality benefit and reduced disease progression (of increasing oxygen needs) among molnupiravir recipients who were hospitalised and did not require any supplemental oxygen on NA=not applicable. *Crude incidence rates (events per 10 000 person-days) are presented for all outcomes except length of hospital stay, for which the mean is shown.…”

Section: Table 1: Baseline Characteristics Of Molnupiravir Recipients...mentioning

confidence: 61%

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study

Wong

Lau

et al. 2022

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

205

199

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Section: Table 1: Baseline Characteristics Of Molnupiravir Recipients...mentioning

confidence: 61%

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study

Wong

Lau

et al. 2022

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

205

199

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“…In addition to reductions in NP SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels, we found biological evidence of activity of bamlanivimab against COVID-19 progression, with greater reductions in inflammatory biomarker levels (CRP, ferritin, and fibrinogen) with bamlanivimab compared to placebo. Greater reductions in CRP in the first four weeks following effective treatment were recently reported in a randomized placebocontrolled trial of molnupiravir (the MOVe-OUT trial) for COVID-19 treatment in non-hospitalized persons 17 . Our findings are consistent with these and extend them to other markers of inflammation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Antiviral and clinical activity of bamlanivimab in a randomized trial of non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19

Chew

Moser²,

Daar³

et al. 2022

Nat Commun

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Anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies are mainstay COVID-19 therapeutics. Safety, antiviral, and clinical efficacy of bamlanivimab were evaluated in the randomized controlled trial ACTIV-2/A5401. Non-hospitalized adults were randomized 1:1 within 10 days of COVID-19 symptoms to bamlanivimab or blinded-placebo in two dose-cohorts (7000 mg, n = 94; 700 mg, n = 223). No differences in bamlanivimab vs placebo were observed in the primary outcomes: proportion with undetectable nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RNA at days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 (risk ratio = 0.82–1.05 for 7000 mg [p(overall) = 0.88] and 0.81–1.21 for 700 mg [p(overall) = 0.49]), time to symptom improvement (median 21 vs 18.5 days [p = 0.97], 7000 mg; 24 vs 20.5 days [p = 0.08], 700 mg), or grade 3+ adverse events. However, bamlanivimab was associated with lower day 3 nasopharyngeal viral levels and faster reductions in inflammatory markers and viral decay by modeling. This study provides evidence of faster reductions in nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels but not shorter symptom durations in non-hospitalized adults with early variants of SARS-CoV-2.

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“…28 A secondary analysis of MOVe-OUT trial has identified a reduced need for respiratory interventions among molnupiravir users than those treated with placebo, including the patient subgroup who were hospitalized after randomization. 32 Notably, our results established a significant mortality benefit and reduced disease progression (of increasing oxygen needs) among molnupiravir users who were hospitalized and not requiring any supplemental oxygen on admission, whilst these were not evident in the MOVe-IN trial when it was initiated at a later and more severe stage of COVID-19. 31…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir among hospitalized, non-oxygen-dependent COVID-19 patients on admission during Hong Kong’s Omicron BA.2 wave: an observational study

Wong

Lau

et al. 2022

Preprint

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SummaryBackgroundReal-world evidence on the effectiveness of oral antivirals in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients is urgently needed. This retrospective cohort study aims to evaluate the clinical and virologic outcomes associated with molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir use in COVID-19 patients during a pandemic wave dominated by the Omicron BA.2 variant.MethodsWe analyzed data from a territory-wide retrospective cohort of hospitalized patients with confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection from 26th February 2022 to 26th April 2022 in Hong Kong. Oral antiviral users were matched with controls using propensity-score matching in a ratio of 1:4. Study outcomes were a composite outcome of disease progression (all-cause mortality, initiation of invasive mechanical ventilation [IMV], or intensive care unit admission) and their individual outcomes, and lower viral load of cycle threshold (Ct) value ≥30 cycles. Hazard ratios (HR) of event outcomes were estimated using Cox regression models.ResultsAmong 40,776 hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection over a mean follow-up of 41.3 days with 925,713 person-days, 2,359 and 1,000 patients not initially requiring oxygen therapy were initiated with molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, respectively. The crude incidence rates of all-cause mortality and IMV were 22.24 and 1.06 events per 10,000 person-days among molnupiravir users, 11.04 and 1.75 events per 10,000 person-days among nirmatrelvir/ritonavir users. Oral antiviral use was associated with a significantly lower risk of the composite outcome of disease progression (molnupiravir: HR=0.53, 95%CI=0.46-0.62, p<0.001; nirmatrelvir/ritonavir: HR=0.33, 95%CI=0.24-0.46, p<0.001) than non-use, which was consistently observed for all-cause mortality (molnupiravir: HR=0.55, 95%CI=0.47-0.63, p<0.001; nirmatrelvir/ritonavir: HR=0.32, 95%CI=0.23-0.45, p<0.001). Molnupiravir users had lower risks of IMV (HR=0.31, 95%CI=0.16-0.61, p<0.001). Time to achieving lower viral load was significantly shorter among oral antiviral users than matched controls (molnupiravir: HR=1.21, 95%CI=1.07-1.37, p=0.002; nirmatrelvir/ritonavir: HR=1.25, 95%CI=1.04-1.50, p=0.015). Amongst survivors, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir had shorter length of hospital stay (−0.70 days, 95%CI=-1.37 to -0.04, p=0.039) than matched controls. Head-to-head comparison of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir reported higher risk of mortality (HR=1.53 95%CI=1.01-2.31, p=0.047) and longer length of hospital stay (0.83 days, 95%CI=0.07-1.58, p=0.032) for molnupiravir users.ConclusionsAgainst Omicron BA.2, initiation of novel oral antiviral treatment in hospitalized patients not requiring any oxygen therapy was associated with lower risks of disease progression and all-cause mortality, in addition to achieving low viral load faster.FundingHealth and Medical Research Fund, Food and Health BureauResearch in contextEvidence before this studyThe medical and research community are actively exploring the use of oral antivirals in COVID-19 patients to lower their risks of hospitalization and death, and to reduce the burden on healthcare systems. We searched Scopus and PubMed for studies until 13 May 2022 using the search terms “SARS-CoV-2 OR COVID-19” AND “molnupiravir OR Lagevrio OR EIDD-2801” OR “nirmatrelvir OR Paxlovid OR PF-07321332”. Major studies examining the safety and efficacy of molnupiravir include MOVe-IN and MOVe-OUT trials conducted in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients, respectively. Clinical evidence for the use of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir came from the EPIC-HR trial conducted among non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19. While no clinical benefits have been observed with molnupiravir use in the inpatient setting among patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19, early initiation of molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir/ritonavir within 5 days of symptom onset in non-hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and risk factors for progression to severe disease has been associated with relative risk reduction of hospitalization or death by 30% and 88%, respectively. Notably, these clinical trials were conducted prior to the prevalence of Omicron variant, and the efficacy of oral antivirals against this current variant of concern can only be inferred from experimental evidence to date. Real-world evidence of oral antiviral use in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection of Omicron variant is lacking.Added value of this studyTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first real-world study exploring the clinical use of oral antivirals during a pandemic wave dominated by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. We conducted a territory-wide, retrospective cohort study to examine the effectiveness of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in COVID-19 patients who did not require supplemental oxygen on admission in Hong Kong. Early initiation of oral antivirals within 2 days of admission was associated with significantly lower risks of disease progression and all-cause mortality, in addition to achieving low viral load faster than their respective matched controls. Molnupiravir use was also associated with a significantly lower risk of requiring invasive mechanical ventilation than non-use. Furthermore, our head-to-head comparison suggested a relatively larger reduction in mortality risk with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir than molnupiravir use.Implications of all the available evidenceCurrent guidelines are now prioritizing the distribution of oral antivirals to those who do not require supplemental oxygen, but who are at the highest risk of disease progression. Our study cohort reflected such prescription pattern in real-world clinical practice. The antiviral effect and mortality benefit observed in this patient cohort support the use of oral antivirals in COVID-19 patients who do not require supplemental oxygen on admission during a pandemic wave of Omicron variant. Our findings also support the prioritization of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir over molnupiravir use in COVID-19 patients whenever accessible and clinically appropriate, in view of the former’s substantial mortality benefit. Ongoing research will inform the safety and effectiveness of oral antivirals in specific patient populations (by vaccination status and viral variants), drug combinations, and different healthcare settings.

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Effect of Molnupiravir on Biomarkers, Respiratory Interventions, and Medical Services in COVID-19

Cited by 56 publications

References 46 publications

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study

Antiviral and clinical activity of bamlanivimab in a randomized trial of non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir among hospitalized, non-oxygen-dependent COVID-19 patients on admission during Hong Kong’s Omicron BA.2 wave: an observational study

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