Trap
state formation in perovskite films during their preparation
is a key limitation restricting the device performance and stability
of perovskite solar cells. These trap states are generally present
at the surface of perovskite films and on grain boundaries and work
as charge recombination centers, thereby influencing the device performance.
Hence, regulating these detrimental trap states that are susceptible
to deformation is vital for improving the solar cell performance.
Herein, a unique methodology of trap states passivation has been demonstrated
using multiple carboxylic acid-functionalized small aromatic molecules.
Three additives, viz., benzene carboxylic acid (BCA), benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic
acid (BDCA), and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (BTCA), have been
utilized as additives in the precursor solution that reduced trap
states in the perovskite films. Perovskite films generated in the
presence of these additives strongly influence the charge transfer
dynamics and result in improved performance and stability of the devices
by lowering the photogenerated charge recombination. BTCA-incorporated
devices result in the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of
18.30% with a significant improvement in the open-circuit voltage
(V
oc) to 1075.9 mV (an enhancement of
≈80 mV) compared to the control device. Additionally, the devices
also show enhanced thermal stability.