Effect of Multipath Fading and Propagation Environment on the Performance of a Fermat Point Based Energy Efficient Geocast Routing Protocol

Abstract

Energy efficiency is a much talked about thing in the domain of geocast routing protocols for Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (WASNs). Fermat point based protocols are capable of reducing the energy consumption of a WASN by reducing the total transmission distance in a multi hop-multi sink scenario. Presently, there are quite a handful of them but many of them have not considered the effect of changing propagation environment around the considered network while measuring the performance of the protocol. Congested environment around a WASN increases the chance of multipath propagation and itin turn introduces multipath fading. In this paper, the effects of both of these factors are considered on the performance of I-Min routing protocol designed for WASNs.

EEICCP—Energy Efficient Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

“…But this is not true. If the cluster head in both of them are sending the data to the base station by using multi path fading then the distance covered by all the cluster heads will be long and the path loss will be d 4 . For 1055 nodes the cluster heads in HCR and LEACH are 50.…”

“…Energy is dissipated while transmitting and receiving the data and energy consumption for the short distance is d 2 when propagation is in line of sight and d 4 for the long distance due to multipath fading propagation [4,12]. It works on the routine measurements and sensing takes place constantly resulting in steady volume of data being transmitted to the sink.…”

“…Geocost protocols, widely used in Ad-hoc and the Wireless sensors networks [4] mostly suffer from the issues of energy efficiency so they have to make the deployment of the sensors in that way that energy con- sumption is minimum, in the same way the sensors are organized in this way that one cluster will always be very close to the base station. Energy is function of the inter nodes communication that is taken d n .…”

“…In cluster based single hop conventional protocols when data is sent directly to base station, value of path loss exponent is increased due to multipath fading channel [4,12] which affects the rate of energy consumption, directly proportional to it, same happens in LEACH [2] and HCR [3]. So a new protocol EEICCP (energy efficient inter cluster coordination protocol) has been developed where deployment of nodes is homogenous, transmission of data is multi hop and it uses the line of sight propagation to reduce the path loss exponent to reduce the energy consumption.…”

“…But in these techniques, all the cluster heads send their data directly to the base station which increases energy consumption. In HCR [3] the associative cluster heads (ACH) are elected to exchange the role of the cluster heads but even in that case CH sends data directly to the base station which consumes a lot of energy due to the multipath channel fading [4] and increases the path loss exponent. To deal with the problem of path loss exponent, EEICCP uses line of sight propagation which reduces the value of the exponent and hence energy consumption.…”