Effect of multiple precipitation inhibitors on calcium carbonate nucleation

Rational Development of New Cooling Water Chemical Treatment Programs for Scale and Microbial Control

“…Lack of fit for tests with blends of phosphonates was indistinguishable from lack of fit for tests with single phosphonates. 36,37 Thus, the fit of the data was surprisingly insensitive to the exponent of the inhibitor dose. The data in Figure 8 is consistent with a square root or fourth root of dose.…”

Chemical and electrochemical study of the inhibition of calcium carbonate precipitation using citric acid and sodium citrate

“…Inhibitors commonly used in the industry include phosphonates, polyphosphonates, polyacrylates, and various other polymers [6]. The efficiency of phosphorous and nitrogen compounds for scale formation has already been demonstrated [16,17].…”

“…Formation of insoluble mineral salts, such as calcium carbonate or barium sulfate, causes important problems in the industrial processes [1,2]. Various methods were used to prevent the scale formation in water [3] such as the chemical methods in which the germination of the CaCO 3 crystals is blocked using the inhibitor [4][5][6] and electrochemical methods using the chronoamperometry [7,8], impedancemetry [9,10], and electrogravimetry [11].…”

New materials from dimethacrylates bearing phosphonic acid and thioether groups

“…Polymers bearing covalently attached phosphonates have achieved a wide range of applications, e.g. as ion exchangers, sensors or for adsorption of heavy metal ions in solution . They are also of practical interest in the area of catalysis, as proton conductors or as ‘metal organic frameworks’ .…”