“…In previous studies, several types of materials with nanoparticles have been used to improve the mechanical properties, durability behavior, and microstructure of cement paste, mortar, and concrete, for example, nano-SiO 2 [16][17][18], nano-TiO 2 [15,19], nano-Al 2 O 3 [20,21], nano-Fe 2 O 3 [21], carbon nanotubes [22], nanoclay [15], and nanolimestone [18]. However, among these nanoparticles, nano-SiO 2 (nanosilica) can be considered as the most frequently used one in improving the performance of concrete [15,17].…”