Effect of nanobubbles on friction forces between hydrophobic surfaces in water

Effects of surface wettability on gecko adhesion underwater

“…But if roughness is introduced or solvent-water (i.e. alcohol) exchange method is used in experiments, some nano-bubbles may be formed on a hydrophilic surface [36,49]. Since gecko seta is hydrophobic, nano-bubbles may spontaneously form on it, resulting in gaseous meniscus forming between a gecko seta and hydrophilic substrates underwater.…”

Contact angle variation on single floating spheres and its impact on the stability analysis of floating particles

“…The surface tension of the DI water was approximately 0.072 N/m, and this value was used for the calculation. To increase the hydrophobicity of the spheres, the cleaned spheres were esterified in 1-octanol for 4 h [25], washed with acetone, and dried in a clean-air-flow cabinet.…”

Hydrophobicity of Minerals Determined by Atomic Force Microscopy – A Tool for Flotation Research

“…In atomic force microscopy, and especially the force spectroscopy, there are a variety of different signals which can be used, depending on the mode being static, dynamic or lateral [7,8,30,31]. Principally, they all rely on a cantilever, a micromechanical tool able to detect forces down to the pN range, interacting with an interface.…”