“…The unique properties of inorganic nanoparticles make them suitable for applications in diverse areas, which include nanomedicine (e.g., drug delivery, bioimaging, phototerapies) ( Lin et al, 2007 ; Sokolova and Epple, 2008 ; Trindade and Daniel da Silva, 2011 ; Vega-Vásquez et al, 2020 ; Wang and Mattoussi, 2020 ; Ray and Bandyopadhyay, 2021 ), energy (e.g., solar cells, lightning) ( Kamat, 2008 ; Cheng et al, 2016 ; Kumar et al, 2017 ; Chen et al, 2018 ; Choe et al, 2021 ), environment (e.g., water and air purification ( Theron et al, 2008 ; Kumari et al, 2019 ; Weon et al, 2019 ; Wadhawan et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2021 ), greenhouse gases capture ( Kumar et al, 2020 ; Cheng et al, 2021 ), sustainable technologies (e.g., catalysis, biological synthesis) ( Polshettiwar and Varma, 2010 ; Dutta et al, 2015 ; Kumari et al, 2020 ; Jeevanandam et al, 2022 ; Liu et al, 2022 ; Wani and Suresh, 2022 ), among many others. These endeavours require transdisciplinary approaches, among which the synthesis and surface modification of the materials are usually regarded at the upstream in the supply chain of functional materials for such devices and processes.…”