“…Previously, Alroy et al 19 observed negligible oxidation when precursor particles passed through an HVAF system. Liu et al 56 reported that due to a higher particle impact, the substrate retained the original powder phases in HVAF-sprayed coatings, owing to severe plastic particle deformed zone formation. Thus, the HVAF-sprayed coating retained the HA crystalline characteristics in coatings due to severe plastic deformation of particles owing to high velocity and impact with the low temperature of in-flight particles.…”