Effect of natural carbon filler on thermo-oxidative degradation of thermoplastic-based composites

Al-Majali, Y.; Forshey, Sam; Trembly, Jason

doi:10.1016/j.tca.2022.179226

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…It was successfully demonstrated that CPC materials including formulations with a high filler content (up to 70 wt % P8 coal) could be integrated with several types of commercially available 3D printers without processing issues or the need for equipment modifications. The utilization of HDPE-based CPC materials in targeted applications such as additive housing construction and composite tooling is projected to substantially reduce manufacturing and material costs, reduce waste, minimize secondary operations during printing (curing and postcuring for thermoset-based AM and space heating for thermoplastic-based AM), increase dimensional stability, increase service life, 15 lower embodied energy and emissions, 13 and reduce manufacturing lead time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, coal-filled thermoplastic composite materials have been investigated for utilization in high-volume applications such as building materials. − Compared to wood-plastic composites (WPCs), predominantly utilized as decking boards, coal-plastic composite (CPC) materials possessed comparable or higher mechanical performance, higher oxidation resistance (i.e., longer service life), greater thermal stability and flammability resistance, lower embodied energy and emissions, and lower production costs. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D Printing of Sustainable Coal Polymer Composites: Study of Processing, Mechanical Performance, and Atomistic Matrix–Filler Interaction

Veley,

Ugwumadu,

Trembly

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Bituminous coal was utilized as a particulate filler in polymer-based composites to fabricate standard 1.75 mm coal-plastic composite filaments for material extrusion 3D printing. The composites were formulated by incorporating Pittsburgh No. 8 coal into polylactic acid, polyethylene terephthalate glycol, high-density polyethylene, and polyamide-12 resins with loadings ranging from 20 to 70 wt %. Coal-plastic composite filaments were extruded and printed by using the same processing parameters as the respective neat plastics. The introduction of coal ameliorated the warping problem of 3D printed high-density polyethylene, allowing for additive manufacturing of an inexpensive and widely available thermoplastic. The mechanical properties of the 3D printed composites were characterized and compared to those of composites fabricated using traditional compression molding. Microscopy of as-fractured samples revealed that particle pull-out and particle fracture were the predominant modes of composite failure. Tensile and flexural moduli as well as hardness had direct proportionality with increasing coal content, while flexural strength, tensile strength, and impact resistance decreased for most composite formulations. Interestingly, polyamide-based composites demonstrated greater maximum tensile and flexural strengths than unfilled plastic. Investigation of composite interfacial chemistry via molecular dynamics simulations and Fourier-transform spectroscopy revealed beneficial hydrogen bonding interactions between coal and polyamide-12, while no chemical reactions were evident for the other polymers investigated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing of Sustainable Coal Polymer Composites: Study of Processing, Mechanical Performance, and Atomistic Matrix–Filler Interaction

Veley,

Ugwumadu,

Trembly

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…Studies have investigated the use of common fillers such as chalk, wood, slate, quartz, and clays in PR composite materials. , Coal possesses an innate aromatic structure, which suggests that improved bonding with PR is possible due to matching functionalities, as illustrated by the chemical structures of sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and novolac PRs in Figure . Coal has also been previously used to improve both the thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials. − However, the effects of coal on thermoset composites, specifically PRs, are yet to be studied. This paper focuses on highlighting the thermal effects of coal in a PR cure based on the heat of reaction, peak temperature, and activation energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Curing Kinetics of Coal-Based Phenolic Resin Composites Using Calorimetric and Spectroscopic Analyses

Chukwuka,

Almanza,

Daramola

2023

ACS Appl. Eng. Mater.

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Phenolic-coal composites are a potential class of thermosetting composites that could offer enhanced thermal stability due to the similarity in the aromatic macromolecular structures of the filler and polymer. Evaluating the curing kinetics of the composite can provide insight into the dynamics of bond formation in this composite during heat curing. In this work, the curing kinetics of phenolic resin and coal mixes were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to evaluate the interaction between the coal filler and the polymer network and correlate the coal structure and composite processing. The two ranks of coal studied were sub-bituminous coal (Powder River Basin) and bituminous coal (Itmann) at filler weight percentages of 10 and 40% weight content, respectively. Isoconversional analyses indicated that the 60% phenolic-PRB mix had the highest activation energy: 142 ± 8 kJ/mol, while the 60% phenolic-Itmann mix yielded the lowest range of activation energy values: 85 ± 5 kJ/mol. In comparison, the pure phenolic resin has activation energies in the range 128–135 kJ/mol. The difference in curing activation energy and postcured vibrational spectroscopy between the composite systems could be attributed to the more reactive functional end groups present in the PRB coal. The higher level of interaction observed in the sub-bituminous coal and phenolic mix confirms enhanced polymeric behavior. These overall results suggest possible varied end properties of cured phenolic resins tailored for different applications based on the choice of coal ranks as fillers.

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“…The mechanical properties are also significantly worse, compared to engineering (construction) polymers (e.g., polyamides and polycarbonates). Various additives or fillers (e.g., carbon fibers or nanofillers) are used, which often significantly improve the properties of HDPE [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Based on the results from thermal analyses, such as differential scanning calorimetry DSC and thermogravimetrical analysis TGA, it is possible to ascertain whether modified HDPE is suitable for engineering applications or not.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Behavior of Thermally Affected Injection-Molded High-Density Polyethylene Parts Modified by Accelerated Electrons

et al. 2022

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Polyethylenes are the most widely used polymers and are gaining more and more interest due to their easy processability, relatively good mechanical properties and excellent chemical resistance. The disadvantage is their low temperature stability, which excludes particular high-density polyethylenes (HDPEs) for use in engineering applications where the temperature exceeds 100 °C for a long time. One of the possibilities of improving the temperature stability of HDPE is a modification by accelerated electrons when HDPE is cross-linked by this process and it is no longer possible to process it like a classic thermoplastic, e.g., by injection technology. The HDPE modified in this way was thermally stressed five times at temperatures of 110 and 160 °C, and then the dynamic tensile behavior was determined. The deformation and surface temperature of the specimens were recorded by a high-speed infrared camera. Furthermore, two thermal methods of specimen evaluation were used: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The result of the measurement is that the modification of HDPE by accelerated electrons had a positive effect on the dynamic tensile behavior of these materials.

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Effect of natural carbon filler on thermo-oxidative degradation of thermoplastic-based composites

Cited by 9 publications

References 45 publications

3D Printing of Sustainable Coal Polymer Composites: Study of Processing, Mechanical Performance, and Atomistic Matrix–Filler Interaction

3D Printing of Sustainable Coal Polymer Composites: Study of Processing, Mechanical Performance, and Atomistic Matrix–Filler Interaction

Evaluating the Curing Kinetics of Coal-Based Phenolic Resin Composites Using Calorimetric and Spectroscopic Analyses

Dynamic Behavior of Thermally Affected Injection-Molded High-Density Polyethylene Parts Modified by Accelerated Electrons

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