Effect of nature and extent of crosslinking on swelling and mechanical behavior of styrene–butadiene rubber membranes

George, Soney C.; Knörgen, M.; Thomas, Sabu

doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(99)00098-8

Cited by 93 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The tribological properties after swelling in the iso-octane/toluene mixture were not tested due to the highly volatile nature of that solvent, but the samples immersed in IRM 903 were tested in both swollen and deswollen conditions. Swelling is mainly responsible for the intra-molecular motions of segments and rearranging the long molecular chains, including the shifting of chain entanglements, elastomer-filler de-bonding, and even plasticizing [16,20,21]. Therefore, the observed results in the swollen states, the degraded strength at break, and the decreased stiffness could be attributed to released entanglements, the elastomer-filler de-bonding mechanism, and plasticizing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The observed larger tearings/ruptures could also confirm this behavior (Figure 7). The swelling of rubber alters the molecular network with disentanglements, the de-bonding of physical bonds, and even a plasticizing effect [16,20,21]. Additionally, in swollen states, decreased density values were observed as a result of the liquid's penetration, including a slightly porous morphology on the surface, as shown in Figure 7b.…”

Section: Sliding Directionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Additionally, the glass-transition temperature (T g ), crosslinking structure, amount of filler, working temperature, and specimen geometry influence this interaction [15,19]. In the equilibrium swelling state, the rubber-solvent interaction is maximized, whereas the rubber-rubber interaction decreases, leading to a total change in the conformation of polymer segments and chain entanglements [20]. Additionally, liquid intake into the material leads to a detachment process of the filler-rubber bonds, which are physically bonded [21], or even to a plasticizing effect [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the equilibrium swelling state, the rubber-solvent interaction is maximized, whereas the rubber-rubber interaction decreases, leading to a total change in the conformation of polymer segments and chain entanglements [20]. Additionally, liquid intake into the material leads to a detachment process of the filler-rubber bonds, which are physically bonded [21], or even to a plasticizing effect [20,21]. Therefore, the properties are expected to be increasingly modified with the amount of swelling, which could be measured with the volume increase or the weight change after immersion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tribological Behavior of HNBR in Oil and Gas Field Applications

et al. 2018

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Abstract:The common usages of elastomeric components in oil and gas field applications are in dynamic atmospheres; especially sealing appliances that are in relative motion when interacting with surfaces. Therefore, their performance and service life mainly depend on the wear and friction characteristics in use. The objective of this scientific work is to identify the effect of swelling-induced ageing on the tribological properties and surface damage mechanisms of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) in contact with different liquids. Furthermore, the investigation of the co-relation between mechanical properties and surface properties in the tested conditions is indispensable. In the swollen state, deteriorated mechanical properties were observed; however, in de-swollen conditions, the mechanical properties were restored. As far as the surface characterization is concerned, when the HNBR was swollen by a standard IRM 903 solvent, its wear was greater compared with the un-swollen specimen (1.1 times) despite the lower coefficient of friction (COF) (reduced by~25%) and surface temperature (reduced by~2.4 • C). In the de-swollen condition, wear was even greater (6 times), but the COF and surface temperature were situated in between those recorded in the swollen and un-swollen conditions. With swelling, greater wear damage and lower COF were observed; higher surface ageing (softness), which eases crack growth, created bigger debris. Under the conditions used, in the de-swollen states, the bulk mechanical properties were almost recovered, in contrast to the surface properties, which were still significantly impaired.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sliding Directionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tribological Behavior of HNBR in Oil and Gas Field Applications

et al. 2018

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“…The value of P increased with temperature, due to temperature-enhanced mobility of the polymer chains that allow the penetrant to diffuse more easily. According to molecular models for rubbery polymers above their glass transition temperatures, the temperature dependence of P of the penetrant through a polymer follows the van't Hoff-Arrhenius relation [21]:…”

Section: Permeation Characteristics Of I 2 Into the Srmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation and Recovery of Iodine from Aqueous Solution by Permeation and Chemical Desorption (PCD) Using a Silicone Rubber Membrane

Sawai¹,

Tomizuka²,

Hatanaka³

et al. 2012

ACES

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New technologies for iodine separation and recovery are required to decrease environmental pollution and improve iodine production. Separation and recovery of iodine (I 2 ) in aqueous solution was achieved using permeation and chemical desorption (PCD) with a silicone rubber membrane (SRM). The SRM separated an aqueous feed solution from an alkaline or reducing recovery solution such as a mixture of sodium hydrate and sodium sulfate. The I 2 crossed the membrane from the aqueous feed solution into the recovery solution, where it was converted into iodide (I -). Iodide in the recovery solution did not return to the feed solution across the SRM. An acidic feed solution promoted a high recovery of iodine. The permeation process followed first-order kinetics, allowing the overall mass-transfer coefficient and parameters related to permeation of I 2 through the SRM to be determined. Permeability of I 2 increased with temperature, and the apparent activation energy (E a ) for penetration of I 2 through the SRM was determined. The value of E a for I 2 was of the same order of magnitude as those for phenols and anilines. The large membrane/aqueous distribution coefficient for I 2 indicated that I 2 had a high affinity toward the SRM. These results indicate that the PCD method is effective and powerful for separation and recovery of iodine from aqueous solutions.

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Polymer Cross‐Linkling

Ray

2011

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Cross‐linking is a unique tool for polymer modification. Multidirectional chain extension of polymers resulting in the formation of network structure is defined as polymer cross‐linking. It hinders the free movement of polymer chains and restricts them from sliding past each other. Interconnection of the polymer chains generates elasticity in amorphous polymers and makes a polymer more resistant to heat, light, and other physical agencies. It enhances the dimensional stability, mechanical strength, and solvent resistance of a polymer. Cross‐linking may be accomplished either through polymerization of monomers with functionality greater than two (polycondensation) or by covalent bonding between preformed polymer molecules by irradiation, sulfur vulcanization, or miscellaneous chemical reactions. The degree of cross‐linking and regularity of the network are the two vital factors, which control the effects of cross‐linking on the properties of the polymers. Cross‐linking is carried out in elastomers, plastomers, and even on polymer blends to improve properties and to broaden the spectrum of applications. The present review describes different modes and kinetics of polymer cross‐linking as well as its effects on the properties of polymers.

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Effect of nature and extent of crosslinking on swelling and mechanical behavior of styrene–butadiene rubber membranes

Cited by 93 publications

References 17 publications

Tribological Behavior of HNBR in Oil and Gas Field Applications

Tribological Behavior of HNBR in Oil and Gas Field Applications

Separation and Recovery of Iodine from Aqueous Solution by Permeation and Chemical Desorption (PCD) Using a Silicone Rubber Membrane

Polymer Cross‐Linkling

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