Effect of nicotine on cariogenic virulence of Streptococcus mutans

Li, Mingyun; Huang, Ruijie; Zhou, Xuedong; Qiu, Wei; Xu, Xin; Gregory, Richard L.

doi:10.1007/s12223-016-0465-8

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…These findings suggest that this may have resulted from the lower pH or moisture content in the snus and chewing tobacco samples or from the presence of antimicrobial compounds in these products. For example, nicotine has been shown to impact the growth of certain bacteria associated with dental caries (36,37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Populations Associated with Smokeless Tobacco Products

Han

Sanad

Deck

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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There are an estimated 8 million users of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) in the United States, and yet limited data on microbial populations within these products exist. To better understand the potential microbiological risks associated with STP use, a study was conducted to provide a baseline microbiological profile of STPs. A total of 90 samples, representing 15 common STPs, were purchased in metropolitan areas in Little Rock, AR, and Washington, DC, in November 2012, March 2013, and July 2013. Bacterial populations were evaluated using culture, pyrosequencing, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Moist-snuff products exhibited higher levels of bacteria (average of 1.05 ؋ 10 6 CFU/g STP) and diversity of bacterial populations than snus (average of 8.33 ؋ 10 1 CFU/g STP) and some chewing tobacco products (average of 2.54 ؋ 10 5 CFU/g STP). The most common species identified by culturing were Bacillus pumilus, B. licheniformis, B. safensis, and B. subtilis, followed by members of the genera Oceanobacillus, Staphylococcus, and Tetragenococcus. Pyrosequencing analyses of the 16S rRNA genes identified the genera Tetragenococcus, Carnobacterium, Lactobacillus, Geobacillus, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus as the predominant taxa. Several species identified are of possible concern due to their potential to cause opportunistic infections and reported abilities to reduce nitrates to nitrites, which may be an important step in the formation of carcinogenic tobacco-specific N=-nitrosamines. This report provides a microbiological baseline to help fill knowledge gaps associated with microbiological risks of STPs and to inform potential regulations regarding manufacture and testing of STPs. IMPORTANCEIt is estimated that there 8 million users of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) in the United States; however, there are limited data on microbial populations that exist within these products. The current study was undertaken to better understand the potential microbiological risks associated with STP use and provide a baseline microbiological profile of STPs. Several bacterial species were identified that are of possible concern due to their potential to cause opportunistic infections. In addition, some species have abilities to reduce nitrates to nitrites, which may be an important step in the formation of carcinogenic tobaccospecific N=-nitrosamines. Overall, this report provides a microbiological baseline to help fill knowledge gaps related to the microbiological risks of STPs and to inform potential regulations regarding the manufacture and testing of STPs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Populations Associated with Smokeless Tobacco Products

Han

Sanad

Deck

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…An overnight culture of S. mutans was placed in 96-well microtiter plates with TSBS to stimulate S. mutans growth and biofilm formation. Nicotine was added to both study and control groups to increase biofilm formation as this was confirmed in previous studies [5,6,20,25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…A positive correlation has also been found between nicotine and S. mutans biofilm. Nicotine upregulates certain S. mutans virulence genes including GTF and glucan binding protein (GbpA) expression, and Ldh, nlmC, and phosphotransferase system (PTS)-associated genes, which eventually leads to more lactic acid production [5,6]. A recent in-vivo study indicates that caries was higher in Wistar rats infected with S. mutans and treated with nicotine compared with a nicotine-untreated group [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro Cariostatic effects of cinnamon water extract on nicotine-induced Streptococcus mutans biofilm

Alshahrani

Gregory

2020

BMC Complement Med Ther

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Background: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic oral diseases worldwide. Dental caries is mainly associated with Streptococcus mutans and the Lactobacillus species. A specific relationship was found between nicotine and S. mutans growth as the presence of nicotine increased S. mutans biofilm formation. Nicotine is able to increase the number of S. mutans and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis. Among the widely used herbs and spices is cinnamon which demonstrated a strong antibacterial activity against a wide variety of bacteria including S. mutans and showed the ability to inhibit S. mutans biofilm formation. Cinnamon essential oil, obtained from the leaves of C. zeylanicum, has been demonstrated to be effective against S. mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, which are partially responsible for dental plaque formation and caries development. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of nicotine exposure on the inhibitory effects of cinnamon water extract on S. mutans biofilm formation. Materials and methods: A 24-h culture of S. mutans UA159 in microtiter plates was treated with varying nicotine concentrations (0-32 mg/ml) in Tryptic Soy broth supplemented with 1% sucrose (TSBS) with or without a standardized concentration (2.5 mg/ml) of cinnamon water extract. A spectrophotometer was used to determine total growth absorbance and planktonic growth. The microtiter plate wells were washed, fixed and stained with crystal violet dye and the absorbance measured to determine biofilm formation. Results: The presence of 2.5 mg/ml cinnamon water extract inhibits nicotine-induced S. mutans biofilm formation from 34 to 98% at different concentrations of nicotine (0-32 mg/ml). Conclusion: The results demonstrated nicotine-induced S. mutans biofilm formation is decreased from 34 to 98% in the presence of 2.5 mg/ml cinnamon water extract. This provides further evidence about the biofilm inhibitory properties of cinnamon water extract and reconfirms the harmful effects of nicotine.

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“…Overnight bacterial broth cultures were diluted 1:100 with TSB or TSBS. S. mutans biofilm cells were grown in sterile 96-well microtiter plates (Fisher Scientific, Co., Newark, DE, USA) with ( n = 12) and without ( n = 12) enamel specimens [ 18 ]. The biofilm cells were incubated for 13 h in a 5% CO 2 incubator at 37 °C to reach the logarithmic phase of growth.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Violet-Blue Light on Streptococcus mutans-Induced Enamel Demineralization

et al. 2018

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Background: This in vitro study determined the effectiveness of violet-blue light (405 nm) on inhibiting Streptococcus mutans-induced enamel demineralization. Materials and Methods: S. mutans UA159 biofilm was grown on human enamel specimens for 13 h in 5% CO2 at 37 °C with/without 1% sucrose. Wet biofilm was treated twice daily with violet-blue light for five minutes over five days. A six-hour reincubation was included daily between treatments excluding the final day. Biofilms were harvested and colony forming units (CFU) were quantitated. Lesion depth (L) and mineral loss (∆Z) were quantified using transverse microradiography (TMR). Quantitative light-induced fluorescence Biluminator (QLF-D) was used to determine mean fluorescence loss. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare differences in means. Results: The results demonstrated a significant reduction in CFUs between treated and non-treated groups grown with/without 1% sucrose. ∆Z was significantly reduced for specimens exposed to biofilms grown without sucrose with violet-blue light. There was only a trend on reduction of ∆Z with sucrose and with L on both groups. There were no differences in fluorescence-derived parameters between the groups. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the study, the results indicate that violet-blue light can serve as an adjunct prophylactic treatment for reducing S. mutans biofilm formation and enamel mineral loss.

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Effect of nicotine on cariogenic virulence of Streptococcus mutans

Cited by 30 publications

References 35 publications

Bacterial Populations Associated with Smokeless Tobacco Products

Bacterial Populations Associated with Smokeless Tobacco Products

In vitro Cariostatic effects of cinnamon water extract on nicotine-induced Streptococcus mutans biofilm

Effect of Violet-Blue Light on Streptococcus mutans-Induced Enamel Demineralization

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