Effect of Nitrate or Nitrite Administered Continuously in Drinking Water for Swine and Sheep

Seerley, R. W.; Emerick, R. J.; Embry, L. B.; Olson, O. E.

doi:10.2527/jas1965.2441014x

Cited by 34 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…A level of 100 mg/L nitrite in water, corresponding to approximately 10 mg/kg b.w. per day was sufficient to increase significantly methaemoglobin levels in treated pigs, however no clinical signs were observed and only at 20 % methaemoglobin do clinical signs become evident, starting with restleness and dyspnoea, and ending in ataxia, vomiting and cyanosis (Seerley et al, 1965). This value of 10 mg/kg b.w.…”

Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

2009

EFS2

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SUMMARYNitrite is formed naturally by the nitrogen cycle during the process of nitrogen fixation and it is subsequently converted to nitrate, a major nutrient assimilated by plants. Two main nitrite salt forms occur, namely sodium and potassium nitrite.In animal tissues, nitrite is naturally present mainly as the result of endogenous nitrate conversion. Animal feed represents a natural source of exogenous nitrite and because of its potential for toxicity at excessive levels of intake, the Directive (EC) No 2002/32/EC on undesirable substances in animal feed established maximum limits for sodium nitrite in complete feedingstuffs excluding feedingstuffs intended for pets except birds and aquarium fish, and fish meal of 15 and 60 mg/kg, respectively (corresponding to 10 and 40 mg/kg for the nitrite ion). Nitrite in drinking water is regulated in Europe, with a maximum level of 0.5 mg/L. Nitrate levels in forages are naturally high and the inter-conversion of nitrate to nitrite is the largest contributor to nitrite exposure in food-producing animals. Dietary intake of nitrite per se results from the use of vegetable feeds and forages, fertilisers/manures or when used as an antimicrobial for preservation, for example in silage, processed pet food, and in former times fish meal. Additionally, water can be an important dietary source of nitrite via reduction of nitrate. The main analytical technique used to measure both nitrite and nitrate is colourimetry because of its sensitivity and specificity. Three member states provided analytical results on feedingstuffs and nitrite levels were below the maximum levels in all feed commodities.Acutely, nitrite is approximately ten-fold more toxic than nitrate and three main toxicological endpoints have been identified: methaemoglobin formation (in a wide range of species including man), hypertrophy of the adrenal zona glomerulosa (rats), and equivocal evidence In monogastric animals, most nitrite is formed and absorbed in the upper digestive tract. In contrast in ruminants, nitrite and nitrate is metabolised by the rumen flora. Reports of adverse effects after excessive nitrite exposure in livestock exist, and pigs and ruminants, as major food producing animals, are particularly susceptible: this is because of relatively low nitrite reductase activity and high levels of rumen conversion of exogenous nitrate to nitrite, respectively. Acknowledging diverse husbandry conditions between reported studies, NoObserved Adverse Effect Levels (NOAELs) for pigs and cattle have been estimated from the literature with a value of 3.3 mg/kg b.w. per day in both species. In turn, total daily nitrite intakes were estimated for pigs and cattle using the maximum exposure level in complete feed according to the current legislation (10 mg/kg), typical feeding regimens within the European Union and maximum nitrite level in forages from member states (cattle). Overall, the estimated nitrite intakes for pigs and cattle from feed were 0.37 and 0.65 mg/kg b.w. per day (excluding endogenous formation of n...

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Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

2009

EFS2

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“…Administration of sodium nitrite to rats at 0.3 g per 1 water for as long as 6 months had no significant effect on their hepatic vitamin A reserves (Lhuissier and Vern evant 1978). Similarly, its intake by pigs for 105 days, which caused a slight increase in MHb, did not exert adverse effect on their liver vitamin A content (Seerley et al 1965). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Nitrite on Vitamin A and E Levels in the Blood Serum and Liver of Pigs

Dvorák¹

1984

Acta Vet. Brno

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Dvorak, M.: Effects of Nitrite on Vitamin A and E Levels in the Blood Serum and Liver of Pigs. Acta vet. Brno, 53, 1984: 159-168. Vitamin A and E levels in the blood serum and, in most cases, also in the liver were determined in 80 weaned piglets or feeder pigs. The aim of one experiment was to study the effects of sodium nitrate and five experiments were designed to assess the effects of sodium nitrite or potassium nitrite, all administered in the drinking water or added to dry complete feed mixtures for 20 to 42 days. In no case (including that of potassium nitrite intake at 1.8 g per kg body mass for 28 days) was this supplementation found to exert adverse effects on the metabolism of vitamins A and E. Some indication of a downward trend in vitamin A and E levels in the serum and liver was found in four experiments. There were no adverse effects on either health status or gains in body mass. Toxic effects were produced by administration of 31 mg NO. /kg body mass in the drinking water. Consideration was also given to the development and course of methaemoglobinaemia. Nitrate, nitrite, axerophtol, tocopherol, methaemoglobin, toxicology.Nitrate and nitrite pose an increasing problem in the alimentary toxicology of both man and farm animals. Nitrate occurs in plants where its natural content is increased by intensive use of nitrogenous fertilizers. It does not constitute a direct hazard and is normally excreted in the urine. Under certain conditions, however, it can be reduced to nitrite in the alimentary tract and readily absorbed, particularly in ruminants. Nitrite exerts pathophysiological effects (Bartik, Piskac et a1. 1974;Fritsch and de Saint-Blanquat 1976) the most important of which is the development of methaemoglobinaemia.Nitrate and nitrite are also believed to have a depressive effect on vitamin A status of the body and possibly to advance the development of its deficiency in farm animals receiving carotene or vitamin A in amounts regarded as sufficient. In monogastric carotene-fed animals hepatic vitamin A reserves are reduced by nitrate and nitrite, in those fed vitamin A, only by nitrite (Emerick and Olson 1962; Lhuissier et a1. 1976). Administration of nitrite to rats resulted also in a deficiency of vitamin E (0' Dell et a1. 1960). Topical implications of this problem emerge from the data on health disorders produced in pigs by a high nitrate content of the feeds (Dobai 1960; Sprenger 1977) and on waters becoming increasingly unsafe because of nitrite and nitrate contamination (Citova 1982). Impairment of vitamin A metabolism is a more serious problem in monogastric animals than in ruminants; a particularly high sensitivity to nitrite is shown by pigs (Wiesner 1978).The aim of the present study was to find to which extent experimental addition of nitrite to water or feed would affect vitamin A and E requirements of young pigs and to assess possible adverse effects of nitrite on their growth and some productivity values. Another objective was to study the development and COurSe of...

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“…İçme suyu ile domuzlarda 300 ppm'e, koyunlarda 1000 ppm'e kadar alınan nitratın büyüme ve ağırlık kazancı üzerinde olumsuz etkisi görülmemekle beraber kan Met-Hb düzeyinde farkedilebilir bir artışa sebep old uğu belirlenmiştir (30 (27) değişik bölgelerde üretilen 49 çeşitli karma yem numünesinde 180-1195 ppm arasında nitrat, 10-66.6 ppm arasında nitrit bulmuşlardır. Yukarıda sıralanan çalışmalardaki nitrat ve nitrit değerleri ile sözkonusu çalışmada belirlenen değer-lere karşılaştırıldığında, bulunan nitrat ve nitrit miktarı ilk çalış-madakilerle (36) uyum gösterirken, son çalışmadaki (27), özellikle, nitrit miktarlarının önemli derecede yüksek olduğu görülmekte-dir.…”

Section: Materyal Ve Metotunclassified

Yem Ve Yem Hammaddeleri̇nde Ni̇trat Ve Ni̇tri̇tler

Kaya¹

1985

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Effect of Nitrate or Nitrite Administered Continuously in Drinking Water for Swine and Sheep

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

Effects of Nitrite on Vitamin A and E Levels in the Blood Serum and Liver of Pigs

Yem Ve Yem Hammaddeleri̇nde Ni̇trat Ve Ni̇tri̇tler

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