Effect of nitrite on immune response of Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta and its susceptibility to Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Stress and immune responses in abalone: Limitations in current knowledge and investigative methods based on other models

“…Several recent studies have greatly advanced our knowledge of the effect of stress on the immune response of abalone [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Malham et al [5] demonstrated that after mechanical shaking of Haliotis tuberculata, hemolymph concentrations of the stress hormones Noradrenaline and Dopamine rise, then decrease back to basal levels.…”

“…Sea urchins are of the deuterostome lineage and contain a complement cascade not seen in molluscs but comparable to the vertebrate alternative complement pathway [16][17][18][19][20]. Phenoloxidase testing is useful in investigating immune responses in several invertebrate species including arthropods [21,22] and oysters [23] but has yielded mixed results in immune studies of bacterial infection in abalone [6][7][8][9][10]24] suggesting it is of limited use in this species, at least when dealing with bacterial infection. The immune mechanisms used to deal with bacterial, viral and parasitic infections could be different, and we do not know if phenoloxidase activity is important in parasitic or viral infections in abalone.…”

“…Table 1 summarises the limited research that has been undertaken to date on stress and/or immune responses in abalone. Recently, a link has been established in abalone between increased stress and decreased immune functional capacity [4][5][6][7][8][9][10], leading to increased rates of bacterial infections and increased mortality [6][7][8][9][10]. This link is based on immune function tests carried out after applying stressors such as altered salinity, shaking, decreased dissolved oxygen, increased concentrations of ammonia and nitrate and increased temperature.…”

Analysis of heat, cold or salinity stress-inducible genes in the Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, by suppression subtractive hybridization

“…Recently, a link has been established in abalone between increased stress and decreased immune functional capacity (Martello and Tjeerdema, 2001;Malham et al, 2003;Cheng et al, 2004a;2004b;2004c;2004d;2004e), leading to increased rates of bacterial infections and increased mortality (Cheng et al, 2004b;2004c;2004d;2004e). This link is based on immune function tests carried out after applying stressors such as altered salinity, shaking, decreased dissolved oxygen, increased concentrations of ammonia and nitrate and increased temperature.…”

Molecular characterization of the nitrifying bacterial consortia employed for the activation of bioreactors used in brackish and marine aquaculture systems

“…In saltwater systems, RAS plays an important role in the production of healthy and properly sized fingerlings for stocking in net pens or ponds (Fielder and Allan, 1997). The most prominent characteristic of any RAS is a nitrifying biofilter to prevent accumulation of metabolites like ammonia and nitrite; which at high levels undermine the commercial production as their toxic impacts are manifested through impaired growth or chronic diseases (Tomasso, 1994;Cheng et al, 2004;Sovobodova et al, 2005). Fixed film biofilters are commonly used for total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal in RAS, where attached growth as biofilm offers several advantages such as handling convenience, increased process stability to shock loading and prevention of the bacterial population from being washed off (Fitch et al, 1998;Seo et al, 2001;Shnel et al, 2002).…”