Effect of Nitrogen Rates and Split Nitrogen Fertilization on Grain Yield and its Components in Flooded Rice

Abstract

Nutritional management in rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops is mainly associated with N fertilization, which is difficult to adjust in field conditions due to variations in soil type and climatic conditions. Between 28 000 and 46 000 ha per year is dedicated to rice production in Chile and profits depend on fertilization. A field experiment determine the effect of N rates and split N fertilization on grain yield and its components was carried out in two locations during two consecutive seasons (2007 to 2009), where five N rates and five split N fertilizations were evaluated. The locations were in Parral (36º2' S; 72º08' W, Vertisol) and San Carlos (36º19' S; 71º59' W, Inceptisol), with N rates of 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160 kg ha -1 applied in different development stages, such as sowing, tillering, panicle initiation, and boot. Results indicate an important seasonal effect on grain yield. Yield increased with N rates higher than 120 and 140 kg ha -1 in San Carlos and Parral, respectively. Moreover, higher productivity with split N fertilization was (1) 33% of N at sowing, 33% at tillering, and 34% at panicle initiation or (2) 50% of N at sowing and 50% at panicle initiation. Yield components with the highest effect on productivity were affected by the evaluated split N. On the other hand, higher N rates increased the percentage of both stained and sterile grains per panicle.

Effect of Split Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Leaf Color Chart Values in Hybrid Rice (GRH1)

“…Garin yield in 2 split to 4 split were 7702, 7741 and 7818 kg/ha respectively (Table 3). Split N fertilization there was a significant effect (p<0.05) on the grain yield and the highest values were obtained with (1) 33% n at sowing, 33% at tillering and 34% at panicle initiation and (2) 50% at swing and 50% at panicle initiation (Hirzel et al, 2011). The results showed that the fertilizer treatment had significant effect on Lcc values at different growth stages.…”

GGE biplot analysis of multi-environment yield trials of rice produced in a temperate climate

“…Temperature descriptions for all environments are shown in Figure 1. Soils were classified as Vertisol for Parral and Chillán and Inceptisol for San Carlos (Hirzel et al, 2011). Four experimental lines and six cultivars from the Chilean Rice Breeding Program were studied (Table 1).…”

Increasing nitrogen rates in rice and its effect on plant nutrient composition and nitrogen apparent recovery

“…In addition, 60 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O were applied as triple superphosphate and potassium chloride, respectively. These N rates were chosen because they were verified in previous experiments in the same study area where they produced a range of crop responses (Ortega, 2007;Hirzel et al, 2011a). Each experimental unit was 15 m 2 and all plots were cultivated under traditional agronomic management to optimize crop growth in accordance with standard agronomic practices for rice crops in central Chile.…”

“…Advances in agronomic crop management such as weed control, new cultivars, and N fertilization can improve productivity and profitability as well as reduce adverse environmental impacts (Angus et al, 1994;De-Xi et al, 2007;Soon et al, 2007;Hirzel et al, 2011a). Nitrogen is the main nutrient associated with yield, but N management responds differently to rice type (indica or japonica associated with climate requirement and interaction with N nutrition), cultivar, geographic zone, and other crop practices (Angus et al, 1994;Ying et al, 1998;Bouman et al, 2007;De-Xi et al, 2007;Huang et al, 2008;Jing et al, 2008;Hirzel et al, 2011a). Similarly, fertilization management and genotype × environment interaction generate differences in plant nutrient composition (Mengel and Kirkby, 1987); they affect crop extraction, rice plant yield components, and N use efficiency (Ying et al, 1998;Kapoor et al, 2008;Matsunami et al, 2009;Taylaran et al, 2009).…”

“…However, current development methodologies indicate a higher correlation between extracted N for field crops and soil mineralized N prior to cultivation with incubations without shaking at 20 ºC for 21 d (Hirzel and Stolpe, 2013). In addition, Chilean paddy rice soils, in accordance with their physical and chemical properties, produced different responses to N rates and thus affecting grain yield and its components (Artacho et al, 2009;Hirzel et al, 2011a), as well as soil mineralized N (Hirzel et al, 2011b;Hirzel and Stolpe, 2013). On the other hand, the result of continuous genetic enhancement has created different cultivars that need adjusted agronomic management in which N fertilization is imperative.…”