Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on salivary metabolic fingerprint of generalized chronic periodontitis using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Host‐microbe interactions: Profiles in the transcriptome, the proteome, and the metabolome

“…In addition, metabolic profiles have been used to discriminate between various stages and progression of periodontal disease. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry‐based metabolomics was recently used to characterize salivary phenotypes associated with both chronic periodontitis and generalized aggressive periodontitis compared with those of healthy individuals . Significantly higher levels of proline, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, and significantly lower levels of pyruvate, N‐ acetyl groups, and lactate were identified for both the chronic periodontitis and the generalized aggressive periodontitis groups compared with healthy controls.…”

Current Status of Magnetic Resonance on Saliva for Oral and Dental Health Early Diagnosis

“…These include the small amount of sample needed compared with other volume average techniques, as well as the swiftness of the experimental data acquisition that can be performed in as fast as a few minutes [21]. The amount of saliva supernatant used for NMR analysis ranged from 0.17 to 0.60 mL (Table 1A) [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. A saliva sample does not need any complex pre-treatment or preparation for the solution state NMR analysis to be performed [17].…”

“…A saliva sample does not need any complex pre-treatment or preparation for the solution state NMR analysis to be performed [17]. Specifically, the NMR saliva sample preparation consists of centrifugation, and subsequent addition of a NMR solvent, standard, and buffer to the supernatant inside an NMR tube [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. On the contrary, the more popular mass spectroscopic analysis requires multiple and more complex sample preparation steps (e.g., extraction, purification, digestion, separation), as well as costly labelling reference compounds for data acquisition and analysis.…”

“…In addition, NMR analysis has been used in order to compare the metabolic changes after periodontal therapy [7,8]. This shows a great potential for collecting additional information regarding the effectiveness of current treatment protocols on an individual basis, as well as correlating metabolic changes during tissue repair.…”

“…Magnetic resonance analysis of saliva has identified significant biomarkers correlated with oral, dental, and periodontal pathology, as well as salivary biomarkers linked to the presence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and sarcoidosis. Interestingly, salivary biomarkers have been also used in order to verify and monitor established health after therapy of the pathology [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”