Effect of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli monoassociation on small intestinal brush-border glycoconjugate moieties and cytokine production after colonization in ex-germ-free rats and pigs

Protective effect of Clostridium tyrobutyricum in acute dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis: differential regulation of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-18 in BALB/c and severe combined immunodeficiency mice

“…Manifestation of cytokines IL-18 and TNF-a in acute DSS-colitis depends largely on immune cell repertoire of the host mouse. As a typical product of macrophages, TNF-a expression increased significantly in the colon epithelium in SCID mice, while mature IL-18, a Th1 cytokine, important for systemic balance between Th1 and Th2 signalling [52], played a key role in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. The combined effect of C. tyrobutyricum in suppressing high levels of both cytokines appears promising in treatment of acute experimental colitis.…”