Effect of nozzle temperature on the emission rate of ultrafine particles during 3D printing

Jeon, Haejoon; Park, Jihoon; Kim, Sun-Ju; Park, Kyungho; Yoon, Chungsik

doi:10.1111/ina.12624

Cited by 40 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Several studies have found that greater amounts of smaller particles (less than <100 nm diameter) are emitted from ABS filaments compared with PLA [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Other studies have investigated the effects of filament color on PM emission and major differences have been noted and attributed to the different additives and pigments used [ 14 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Print settings such as extrusion and bedplate temperatures have also been investigated. In general, higher extrusion temperatures leads to higher PM emissions and a decrease in PM size, regardless of filament type [ 23 ]. Several papers have discussed that undisclosed additives in ABS, in particular, result in the release of semi-volatile compounds that are volatile at extrusion temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring of Particulate Matter Emissions from 3D Printing Activity in the Home Setting

Khaki

Duffy

Smeaton

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Consumer-level 3D printers are becoming increasingly prevalent in home settings. However, research shows that printing with these desktop 3D printers can impact indoor air quality (IAQ). This study examined particulate matter (PM) emissions generated by 3D printers in an indoor domestic setting. Print filament type, brand, and color were investigated and shown to all have significant impacts on the PM emission profiles over time. For example, emission rates were observed to vary by up to 150-fold, depending on the brand of a specific filament being used. Various printer settings (e.g., fan speed, infill density, extruder temperature) were also investigated. This study identifies that high levels of PM are triggered by the filament heating process and that accessible, user-controlled print settings can be used to modulate the PM emission from the 3D printing process. Considering these findings, a low-cost home IAQ sensor was evaluated as a potential means to enable a home user to monitor PM emissions from their 3D printing activities. This sensing approach was demonstrated to detect the timepoint where the onset of PM emission from a 3D print occurs. Therefore, these low-cost sensors could serve to inform the user when PM levels in the home become elevated significantly on account of this activity and furthermore, can indicate the time at which PM levels return to baseline after the printing process and/or after adding ventilation. By deploying such sensors at home, domestic users of 3D printers can assess the impact of filament type, color, and brand that they utilize on PM emissions, as well as be informed of how their selected print settings can impact their PM exposure levels.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of Particulate Matter Emissions from 3D Printing Activity in the Home Setting

Khaki

Duffy

Smeaton

et al. 2021

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…All 3D printing was conducted under the same experimental conditions as in our previous study. 18,19,30 An exposure chamber (2.5 m 3 ) made of a non-static material was used to monitor airborne particulate matter during 3D printing (Figure 1). The chamber consisted of two sections, with the printer located in one (2 × 1 × 1 m) and the other being an air mixing section (1 × 0.5 × 0.5 m) for sampling.…”

Section: Exposure Chamber Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,[11][12][13][14][15] In particular, a large amount of ultrafine particles (including nanometer-sized particles) and volatile organic compounds are released as primary emissions under high-temperature extruder conditions during 3D printing. 10,[16][17][18][19][20] The primary exposure route for the emissions from material extrusion type 3D printers is inhalation, and it is well known that the inhaled particulate matter among the emissions can move from the lungs through the air-blood barrier to other parts of the body. 21 A number of studies have addressed the hazardous substances emitted during 3D printing, but most have focused on exposure-associated indices, such as airborne concentration and emission rate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of particulate matter inhalation doses during three‐dimensional printing

Park

Kwon²,

Yoon

et al. 2020

Indoor Air

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Harmful emissions including particulates, volatile organic compounds, and aldehydes are generated during three‐dimensional (3D) printing. Ultrafine particles are particularly important due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lung. We modeled inhalation exposure by particle size during 3D printing. A total of six thermoplastic filaments were used for printing under manufacturer's recommended conditions, and particle emissions in the size range between 10 nm and 10 μm were measured. The inhalation exposure dose including inhaled and deposited doses was estimated using a mathematical model. For all materials, the number of particles between 10 nm and 1 μm accounted for a large proportion among the released particles, with nano‐sized particles being the dominant size. More than 1.3 × 109 nano‐sized particles/kgbw/g (95.3 ± 104.0 ng/kgbw/g) could be inhaled, and a considerable amount was deposited in respiratory regions. The total deposited dose in terms of particle number was 3.1 × 108 particles/kgbw/g (63.6% of the total inhaled dose), and most (41.3%) were deposited in the alveolar region. The total mass of particles deposited was 19.8 ± 16.6 ng/kgbw/g, with 10.1% of the total mass deposited in the alveolar region. Given our findings, the inhalation exposure level is mainly determined by printing conditions, particularly the filament type and manufacturer‐recommended extruder temperature.

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“…Measurement of the particle concentration with direct reading devices in the chamber at various temperatures (185–290 °C in steps of 15 °C) using four filament materials during 3D printing by FDM, taking into account the operating conditions recommended by the manufacturer, showed that: temperature was the key factor influencing the amount of emission by filament type, emission increased gradually with increasing temperature for all types of filament, emission value at the lowest operating temperature was 107–109 particles/minute, emission value at the highest temperature was 100–10,000 times greater [ 42 ]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Process Using Neural Networks for Sustainable Development

et al. 2021

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Technological and material issues in 3D printing technologies should take into account sustainable development, use of materials, energy, emitted particles, and waste. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the sustainability of 3D printing processes can be supported by computational intelligence (CI) and artificial intelligence (AI) based solutions. We present a new AI-based software to evaluate the amount of pollution generated by 3D printing systems. We input the values: printing technology, material, print weight, etc., and the expected results (risk assessment) and determine if and what precautions should be taken. The study uses a self-learning program that will improve as more data are entered. This program does not replace but complements previously used 3D printing metrics and software.

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Effect of nozzle temperature on the emission rate of ultrafine particles during 3D printing

Cited by 40 publications

References 27 publications

Monitoring of Particulate Matter Emissions from 3D Printing Activity in the Home Setting

Monitoring of Particulate Matter Emissions from 3D Printing Activity in the Home Setting

Estimates of particulate matter inhalation doses during three‐dimensional printing

Optimization of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Process Using Neural Networks for Sustainable Development

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