Effect of Obesity Level on the Longitudinal Arch in 7- to 12-Year-Old Rural and Urban Children

Woźniacka, Renata; Bac, Aneta; Matusik, Stanisław

doi:10.7547/13-141.1

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Woźniacka et al 35 , having examined 925 children, reported that the most commonly encountered deformity was a high-arched foot, i.e. in 523 children (56.5%) in the left foot, and in 592 children (64%) in the right foot.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body weight-dependent foot loads, assessed in terms of BMI and adiposity, in school-aged children: a cross sectional study

Szczepanowska-Wołowiec

Sztandera

Kotela

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Whereas inherently vulnerable structure of both a child's and an adolescent's foot, characteristic for its dynamic, developmental stage, is particularly exposed to numerous environmental factors, excessive body weight gain may potentially become a crucial causal factor, bringing on a cascade of adverse effects throughout the body, e.g. disorders of the skeletal-articular system, gait alterations, abnormally excessive loading of the plantar zones of the foot, and consequently serious postural defects, especially in later life. Since obesity, aptly dubbed the scourge of the 21st c., directly impacts the way the foot biomechanics are developed, whereupon the actual paradigm of foot loading becomes subject to numerous, adverse modifications, the present study focused on gaining an in-depth insight into prevalent association of BMi, adipose tissue content in body composition, and the actual distribution of foot loads in the school-aged children. Since body weight, the simplest anthropometric indicator, is actually non-indicative of the proportion of adipose tissue within body composition, a number of modern, non-invasive diagnostic methods were applied by the investigators to have this deficit effectively addressed, inclusive of comprehensively mapping out the actual load distribution in the plantar zones of the foot. The World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledges obesity to be the most common metabolic disease, aptly dubbing it a global scourge of the 21st c. This metabolic phenomenon has also affected children and teenagers. The number of overweight and obese cases in the youngsters aged 5-19 years increased from 4% in 1975 to over 18% in 2016. Obesity is a natural consequence of an imbalance between energy supply and its expenditure. Excessive dietary intake, usually combined with low physical activity, appreciably contribute to an increased weight gain through boosting the proportion of adipose tissue within the body composition 1-3. Excessive body weight appreciably contributes to abnormal motor development, agility, and overall coordination of movements, as well as adversely affects the development of the skeletal-articular system, which may consequently result in postural defects. Last but not least, excessive body weight may also be a crucial causal factor in various abnormalities encountered in the feet, i.e. abnormal foot loads 4-6. There are many studies corroborating detrimental effect of increased body weight on foot loads and attendant deformities 4-6. Numerous reports imply that overweight and obesity may well be instrumental in developing flat-footedness 7,8 , even though there are also studies which call this particular assertion into question 9. Cousins et al. 10 , while examining overweight and obese children observed that these children put more load on the metatarsal, in particular onto 2-5 metatarsal bones, than their peers with normal body weight. On the other hand, Buldt et al. 11 having conducted studies of adults with normal, flat, and cavus foot (i.e. a foot of high medial longitudinal arc...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body weight-dependent foot loads, assessed in terms of BMI and adiposity, in school-aged children: a cross sectional study

Szczepanowska-Wołowiec

Sztandera

Kotela

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…One of the most common are foot posture abnormalities - flat (pronating) foot and the hollow (supinating) foot 2–4 . As reported by some authors 3,5,6 , nowadays, high-arched feet are more often observed among children and adolescents than previously. This problem has been described by many authors 7–10 but the effects of different foot posture on pelvis and spine ailments are still little known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

The association between high-arched feet, plantar pressure distribution and body posture in young women

Woźniacka

Oleksy

Jankowicz-Szymańska

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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The aim of this study was to examine the effect of excessive feet arching (symmetrical and asymmetrical) on plantar pressure distribution and on the alignment of pelvis, spine and shoulder girdle. Eighty-one women (20–40 years old, 61 +/− 12 kg, 165 +/− 5 cm) were divided into 3 groups based on the foot arch index (Group 1 - with normally arched feet, Group 2 with one foot properly arched and the other high-arched, Group 3 with both feet high-arched). Plantar pressure distribution between the right and left foot for the forefoot, midfoot and rearfoot, respectively and body posture were assessed. A slight increase in longitudinal arch of the foot caused changes in the distribution of feet loads both between limbs and between the forefoot and rearfoot and also influenced the whole body. Asymmetrical high-arching of the feet resulted in asymmetry of lower limb load and in the height of the shoulder girdle. We have suggested that any alteration of the foot arch may be harmful to body tissues and should not be considered as correct. Due to the fact that slight increases in longitudinal arch of the foot are very common, they should be considered as a foot defect, and appropriate corrective exercises should be used to prevent forefoot overload and alterations in body posture.

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“…The gender-based difference reported have contradictory evidence in the literature. Previous literature presents a predilection of flatfoot in males (Echarri and Forriol, 2003;Atamturk, 2009;Pauk et al, 2012;Woźniacka et al, 2015;Tong and Kong, 2016;Aenumulapalli et al, 2017).…”

Section: Prevalence In Adolescents Based On Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While presenting the conundrum of the association between flatfoot and age, the literature also presented contradicting evidence regarding the association of flatfoot with BMI. The evidentiary support leans toward the positive correlation between flatfoot and BMI on many accounts (Pfeiffer et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2009;Chang et al, 2010Chang et al, , 2012Tenenbaum et al, 2013;Ezema et al, 2014;Pita-Fernández et al, 2015;Woźniacka et al, 2015;Pourghasem et al, 2016;Gonzalez-Martin et al, 2017). Nonetheless, a study from does not hold the ground for adolescents.…”

Section: Association Of Flatfoot and Bmi In Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flatfoot in the neglected age group of adolescents

Priya¹,

Narayan²,

Ghosh³

2023

EJA

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The foot arches in humans are the complex musculo-skeletal-ligamentous structure that helps in shock absorption because of the elasticity and provides stability while transmitting the muscle force for walking. Primarily we observed the prevalence of flatfoot among adolescents going to college. Thereafter we determined the correlation of flatfoot with the body mass index and gender of the adolescents being studied. Footprint analysis of undergraduate students was obtained based on Harris – the Beath mat principle. Clarke’s angle, Chippaux-Smirak index, and Staheli arch index were observed in the footprints. Subsequently, the correlation between the flatfoot, body mass index, and gender of the participants was assessed. The prevalence of flatfoot in college-going adolescents was 18.28% by footprint analysis, presenting a female predilection (20% of the footprint analysis) for the condition. The most valid and reliable plantar arch index for diagnosing flatfoot was the Staheli arch index, followed by the Chippaux-Smirak index having a moderate to strong correlation (R = 0.7, 0.95; p < 0.05). Only 1.1% of females and up to 2.2% of males were observed to have flatfoot and were obese. Eighteen out of a hundred (approximately one–fifth) adolescents in the studied group had flatfoot. The gender predilection for females was observed. Contradictory to the findings of the previous study, obesity was not observed as a foot arch-altering factor in adolescents.

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Effect of Obesity Level on the Longitudinal Arch in 7- to 12-Year-Old Rural and Urban Children

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

Body weight-dependent foot loads, assessed in terms of BMI and adiposity, in school-aged children: a cross sectional study

Body weight-dependent foot loads, assessed in terms of BMI and adiposity, in school-aged children: a cross sectional study

The association between high-arched feet, plantar pressure distribution and body posture in young women

Flatfoot in the neglected age group of adolescents

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