Effect of Orally Administered Phenylalanine with and without Glucose on Insulin, Glucagon and Glucose Concentrations

Nuttall, Frank Q.; Schweim, Kelly; Gannon, Mary C.

doi:10.1055/s-2006-949523

Cited by 35 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…We found positive correlations between blood glucose levels and body weight, and between glucose levels and visceral fat deposition. Previous studies have indicated that glucose homeostasis in adulthood is programmed during gestation [78-80] at a time when the hypothalamus is vulnerable to excitotoxic injury [1-6]; and several prospective studies have found associations between early life adiposity and weight gain with the development of diabetes in later life [81]. Our study concluded when the animals reached 5 months of age (mature adulthood).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…mAChRs are acetylcholine receptors highly expressed in the hypothalamus [4], and injections of muscarine into the 3 rd cerebral ventricle causes an increase in hepatic venous plasma glucose levels in rats [5]. Previous studies have linked phenylalanine consumption with elevated serum insulin and glucagon levels in healthy subjects [6], and artificial sweetener consumption has been associated with a paradoxical increase in body weight in several [7-9], but not all [10] epidemiological studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactive effects of neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate and aspartame on glucose homeostasis

et al. 2012

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BackgroundRecent evidence suggests that the effects of certain food additives may be synergistic or additive. Aspartame (ASP) and Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) are ubiquitous food additives with a common moiety: both contain acidic amino acids which can act as neurotransmitters, interacting with NMDA receptors concentrated in areas of the Central Nervous System regulating energy expenditure and conservation. MSG has been shown to promote a neuroendocrine dysfunction when large quantities are administered to mammals during the neonatal period. ASP is a low-calorie dipeptide sweetener found in a wide variety of diet beverages and foods. However, recent reports suggest that ASP may promote weight gain and hyperglycemia in a zebrafish nutritional model.MethodsWe investigated the effects of ASP, MSG or a combination of both on glucose and insulin homeostasis, weight change and adiposity, in C57BL/6 J mice chronically exposed to these food additives commencing in-utero, compared to an additive-free diet. Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the associations between body characteristics and variables in glucose and insulin homeostasis.ResultsASP alone (50 mg/Kgbw/day) caused an increase in fasting blood glucose of 1.6-fold, together with reduced insulin sensitivity during an Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT) P < 0.05. Conversely MSG alone decreased blood triglyceride and total cholesterol (T-CHOL) levels. The combination of MSG (120 mg/Kgbw/day) and ASP elevated body weight, and caused a further increase in fasting blood glucose of 2.3-fold compared to Controls (prediabetic levels); together with evidence of insulin resistance during the ITT (P < 0.05). T-CHOL levels were reduced in both ASP-containing diets in both genders. Further analysis showed a strong correlation between body weight at 6 weeks, and body weight and fasting blood glucose levels at 17 weeks, suggesting that early body weight may be a predictor of glucose homeostasis in later life.ConclusionsAspartame exposure may promote hyperglycemia and insulin intolerance. MSG may interact with aspartame to further impair glucose homeostasis. This is the first study to ascertain the hyperglycemic effects of chronic exposure to a combination of these commonly consumed food additives; however these observations are limited to a C57BL/6 J mouse model. Caution should be applied in extrapolating these findings to other species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate and aspartame on glucose homeostasis

et al. 2012

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“…That Phe deficiency downregulated TOR expression may be due to the effect of Phe on insulin production. In humans, Phe deficiency reduced serum insulin concentrations [63]. It was reported that low insulin concentrations decreased TOR expression in the muscle cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [64].…”

Section: Phe Regulated Nf-kb P65 I-kba and Tor Gene Expressions In Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary phenylalanine-improved intestinal barrier health in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is associated with increased immune status and regulated gene expression of cytokines, tight junction proteins, antioxidant enzymes and related signalling molecules

Feng

Wen

Liu

et al. 2015

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…Healthy nondiabetic volunteers are being studied first. To date, insulin and glucose responses to ingestion of glycine (3), proline (4), arginine (5), phenylalanine (6), isoleucine (7), and leucine (8) individually have been reported. In this article, we describe the response to lysine ingestion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysine ingestion markedly attenuates the glucose response to ingested glucose without a change in insulin response

Kalogeropoulou

LaFave

Schweim

et al. 2009

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Ingested proteins are known to stimulate a rise in insulin and glucagon concentrations. In our effort to explain this effect, we have begun to measure the effect of individual amino acids. Objectives: The objectives were to determine the effect of lysine ingestion on insulin and glucagon concentrations and whether the effect is moderated by glucose ingestion. Design: Thirteen healthy subjects were studied on 4 occasions. Water, 25 g glucose, 1 mmol lysine/kg lean body mass, or lysine plus glucose was given on separate occasions at 0800 after a 12-h fast. Serum lysine, glucose, insulin, and glucagon were measured during a 2.5-h period. The amount of lysine provided was equivalent to that present in a 672-g (24-oz) steak. Results: Lysine ingestion resulted in an '3-fold increase in lysine concentration and in a small decrease in glucose concentration. When lysine was ingested with glucose, the 2.5-h glucose area response decreased by 44% (P , 0.02). Lysine alone increased the insulin area response modestly; the insulin increase when lysine was ingested with glucose was similar to that when only glucose was ingested. Lysine stimulated an increase in glucagon (P , 0.02), whereas glucose decreased glucagon. Conclusions: Lysine ingestion results in a small decrease in serum glucose and an increase in glucagon and insulin concentrations. Lysine ingested with glucose dramatically attenuated the glucosestimulated glucose response, but there was no change in insulin response. Whether similar effects will be observed with more physiologic doses of lysine remains to be determined. 2009;90:314-20. Am J Clin Nutr

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Effect of Orally Administered Phenylalanine with and without Glucose on Insulin, Glucagon and Glucose Concentrations

Abstract: In summary, phenylalanine in an amount moderately greater than that in a large protein meal stimulates an increase in insulin and glucagon concentration. It markedly attenuates the glucose-induced rise in plasma glucose when ingested with glucose.

Cited by 35 publications

References 15 publications

Interactive effects of neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate and aspartame on glucose homeostasis

Interactive effects of neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate and aspartame on glucose homeostasis

Dietary phenylalanine-improved intestinal barrier health in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is associated with increased immune status and regulated gene expression of cytokines, tight junction proteins, antioxidant enzymes and related signalling molecules

Lysine ingestion markedly attenuates the glucose response to ingested glucose without a change in insulin response

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