Effect of Organic Fertilizer on Soil Bacteria in Maize Fields

Abstract

Soil microorganisms play an important role in agricultural ecosystems, but their response to organic fertilizer application has not been thoroughly elucidated. Thus, high-throughput sequencing was used to investigate the responses of soil bacterial to organic fertilizer amendment (composted from pig manure) in the field during the entire growth cycle of maize plants. Four treatments were studied: treatment with 2 kg·m–2 organic fertilizer application (OF_2), treatment with 4 kg·m–2 organic fertilizer application (OF_4), treatment with 6 kg·m–2 organic fertilizer application (OF_6), and a controlled treatment (CK) without fertilization. The results revealed that the bacterial richness in OF_2 was significantly lower than that of CK (p < 0.05). Soil eutrophication bacteria Bacteroidetes increased effectively in all fertilized soils, relative abundance in OF_2, OF_4, and OF_6 for the entire maize growth cycle was 68.00%, 71.40%, and 77.93% higher than that in CK, respectively. In addition, soil nitrobacteria (Nitrospirae, Nitrospira), were markedly decreased (p < 0.05) with fertilization amount. The relative abundance of the nitrogen-fixing genus Adhaeribacter in OF_6 was 209.28%, 72.8% and 35.66% higher than that in CK, OF_2 and OF_4 at mature stage. The pathogenic genus Flavolibacterium was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in fertilized soil at the seeding stage. The driving factor governing the variations of bacterial community in CK, OF_2, OF_4 and OF_6 were pH value, available phosphorus, available phosphorus, and chromium, respectively. The findings highlight that part of the soil functional or pathogenic bacteria population was susceptible to organic fertilizer application; and the driving factor of bacterial composition change was associated with the rate of fertilization. More targeted experiments are needed to enhance the understanding of functional bacteria and the synergistic effect of soil physicochemical property physical on soil bacteria.

Effects of Abiotic Stress on Soil Microbiome

“…Fertilization affects soil microbial diversity by altering the nutrient concentration of the soil [247]. Fertilizer application affects the development of disease, alters the bacterial community composition and function [248][249][250][251], and contributes towards the formation of soil microbial biomass [252]. In agriculture, farmers may use either organic and mineral fertilizers, depending on their needs.…”

The Influence of Organic Fertilizers on the Abundance of Soil Microorganism Communities, Agrochemical Indicators, and Yield in East Lithuanian Light Soils

“…At that time, the amount of diazotrophs in the GPM + T sample was quite high in the spring (Figure 3). When manure is used for fertilization, an increase in organotrophs is usually observed first, followed by an increase in the abundance of nitrifiers, and an overall increase in soil activity is also observed [43,44]. Fertilization of manure also affects the taxonomic composition of microorganisms and increases the number of more active bacteria belonging to the taxonomic groups of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, which can grow in the nutrient medium [43][44][45].…”

“…When manure is used for fertilization, an increase in organotrophs is usually observed first, followed by an increase in the abundance of nitrifiers, and an overall increase in soil activity is also observed [43,44]. Fertilization of manure also affects the taxonomic composition of microorganisms and increases the number of more active bacteria belonging to the taxonomic groups of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, which can grow in the nutrient medium [43][44][45]. In our studies, a significant increase in the abundance of nitrifiers was observed in samples fertilized with poultry manure in the autumn (Figure 1).…”

Pupuk Terhadap Kandungan Proksimat dan Mineral pada Suruhan Peperomia pellucida

“…Penggunaan pupuk organic pada tanaman dapat mencukupi kebutuhan nutrisi serta unsur hara selama tanaman berada pada siklus pertumbuhan. Salah satu upaya dalam mengolah kesuburan tanah dan memperbaiki sifat fisik tanah, biologi tanah yaitu dengan aplikasi pupuk organik seperti kotoran ayam, eceng gondok dan serbuk gergaji (Wu et al, 2021).…”

“…Kotoran ayam memiliki kandungan hara diantaranya P 1,82% N 1,72%, Mn 610%, Fe 3475% K 2,18% Ca 9,23% Mg 0,86% Zn 501% yang cukup tinggi. Unsur pembentuk serbuk gergaji terdiri dari hidrogen (H), oksigen (O), karbon (C), nitrogen (N), abu serta unsur lainnya (Li et al, 2021).Penelitian menggunakan pupuk organic dari berbagai bahan dasar seperti eceng gondok, kotoran ayam, dan serbuk gergaji. Serbuk gergaji dapat digunakan sebagai pupuk organic.…”