Effect of orthodontic treatment on saliva, plaque and the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify changes in the oral environment with clinical, salivary and bacterial risk markers after placement of fixed orthodontic appliances on permanent dentition. Material and Methods: With ethical approval, we used different techniques to analyzed clinical, salivary and bacterial risk markers in 34 patients (mean age, 16.7 ± 5.2 years), 14 males and 20 females; before starting orthodontic treatment and 1 month after. Clinical risk markers (decayed, missing, and filled surfaces [DMFS], O'Leary´s plaque index, and plaque pH); salivary markers (unstimulated and stimulated saliva flow rate, buffer capacity, pH, and occult blood in saliva) and bacterial counts (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus). Data were analyzed by paired t-test and χ 2 test. Results: This study showed that orthodontic appliances increased the stimulated salivary flow rate (p=0.0001), buffer capacity (p=0.0359), salivary pH (p=0.0246) and occult blood in saliva (p=0.0305). Bacterial levels increased slightly after 1 month of treatment, without statistical significance. Between genders, initially we observed differences in: stimulated saliva (p=0.0019), buffer capacity (p=0.0381) and plaque pH (p=0.0430); after treatment the unstimulated saliva (p=0.0026) showed differences. Conclusions: Orthodontic treatment changes the oral environmental factors, promotes an increase in stimulated flow rate, buffer capacity and salivary pH, which augment the anti caries activity of saliva. In contrast, increased occult blood indicated more gingival inflammation, apparently because augmented the retentive plaque surfaces and the difficult to maintain a good oral hygiene, rinsed the bleeding in saliva by periodontal damage.

Effects of self-ligating and conventional brackets on halitosis and periodontal conditions

“…[7][8][9] Periodontal inflammation, hyperemia, hyperplasia, and demineralization of the teeth have been found as a result of failure of ensuring adequate oral hygiene. [10][11][12][13] It has been stated that accumulation of plaque and the increase in bacterial count 7,8,12,14 and tongue coating 2,6 clearly are also involved in the formation of halitosis. Determining the bracket system that causes a minimal destructive biologic effect has gained importance today.…”

“…3,5,6 The effects of orthodontic treatment on periodontal status have been evaluated in several studies. [7][8][9][10][11][12] The brackets and ligatures have a negative effect on natural cleaning by creating retention areas for plaques, making the mechanical cleaning of the teeth and gingiva by the tongue and lips more difficult, and increasing the viscosity of the saliva. [7][8][9] Periodontal inflammation, hyperemia, hyperplasia, and demineralization of the teeth have been found as a result of failure of ensuring adequate oral hygiene.…”

“…[7][8][9][10][11][12] The brackets and ligatures have a negative effect on natural cleaning by creating retention areas for plaques, making the mechanical cleaning of the teeth and gingiva by the tongue and lips more difficult, and increasing the viscosity of the saliva. [7][8][9] Periodontal inflammation, hyperemia, hyperplasia, and demineralization of the teeth have been found as a result of failure of ensuring adequate oral hygiene. [10][11][12][13] It has been stated that accumulation of plaque and the increase in bacterial count 7,8,12,14 and tongue coating 2,6 clearly are also involved in the formation of halitosis.…”

The Effectivness of Chronic Gingivites Treatment in Patients With Non-Removable Orthodontic Apparatus According to the Results of Periodontal Tissues Index Assessment

“…The treatment of anomalies of jaw apparatus teeth using fixed orthodontic structures is a priority in contemporary orthodontics, because it is highly effective and provides reliable retention of the obtained results. However, in the literature it is mentioned that periodontal tissue react to the treatment with braces, whereby the share of gingivitis according to Petrushanko TA (2013) is 33.3% [3,4,5]. Among the causes of inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues in children this categories are defined: worsening of hygienic condition of oral cavity, microbial factors, hormonal changes and the effect of orthodontic forces.…”

“…Some authors [3,5] diagnosed chronic periodontitis in 70%, gingivitis -in 30%, including chronic catarrhal gingivitis -in 15%, medium gravity of hypertrophic gingivitis -in 15% of people.…”