“…Neuronal iron deposition causes oxidative stress via the Fenton reaction, which might contribute to elevated oxidative stress observed in the AD brain [109]. Iron-induced oxidative stress has been shown to initiate several apoptotic signaling pathways in neurons [110], and damage proteins such as Ca 2+ -ATPase [111][112][113][114], glutamate transporter [115][116][117], apolipoprotein E [118,119], and Na + /K + -ATPase [111,114,120,121], as well as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor [122][123][124], and lipids such as cholesterol [125][126][127], ceramides [128,129], and unsaturated fatty acids [130][131][132][133], as well as sphingomyelin [134,135]. Oxidative damage to proteins and lipids by iron can cause synaptic dysfunction and neuronal cell death [136].…”