Effect of Oxidizing Disinfectants (Chlorine, Monochloramine, and Ozone) on Helicobacter pylori

Abstract

The susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to disinfectants was compared to that of Escherichia coli. H. pylori is more resistant than E. coli to chlorine and ozone but not monochloramine. H. pylori may be able to tolerate disinfectants in distribution systems and, therefore, may be transmitted by a waterborne route

Induction of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium into the viable but nonculturable state following chlorination of wastewater

“…The mechanism by which free chlorine acts has not been fully explained experimentally, although some of the free chlorine seems to target the bacterial membrane and proteins (Belkin et al 1999). When free chlorine is dosed into a wastewater effluent, it converts to mono-and dichloramines upon exposure to the nitrogenous compounds present in the wastewater (Baker et al 2002). This 'combined' chlorine, while not as powerful a disinfectant, is less reactive with wastewater constituents and thus tends to remain as the principal species in the residual chlorine concentration.…”

“…Uncombined (free) chlorine in the form of hypochlorous acid is an extremely potent bactericidal agent (Belkin et al 1999) which has been used as a disinfectant for more than 100 years (Baker et al 2002). The mechanism by which free chlorine acts has not been fully explained experimentally, although some of the free chlorine seems to target the bacterial membrane and proteins (Belkin et al 1999).…”

“…Oxidizing agents, such as chlorine and monochloramine, are recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency to eliminate bacterial pathogens from water (Baker et al 2002).…”

PCR assay targeting virulence genes of Helicobacter pylori isolated from drinking water and clinical samples in Lahore metropolitan, Pakistan

“…The risk of H. pylori infection is high in developing countries (Al-Moagel et al 1990) while the prevalence of H. pylori in developed countries is low due to better industrialization, public health measures/ education and living conditions (Bardhan 1997;Percival & Thomas 2009). It is observed that the municipal drinking water supplies are the source for H. pylori infection especially in developing countries, which may be due to contaminated water supplies (Klein et al 1991;Brown 2000;Baker et al 2002;Lu et al 2002;Giã o et al 2008). The detection of H. pylori by PCR in sewage-contaminated drinking water, ponds/river water and shallow ground water indicates the environmental transmission of H. pylori (Hulton et al 1996;Engstrand 2001;Baker et al 2002;Lu et al 2002).…”

“…It is observed that the municipal drinking water supplies are the source for H. pylori infection especially in developing countries, which may be due to contaminated water supplies (Klein et al 1991;Brown 2000;Baker et al 2002;Lu et al 2002;Giã o et al 2008). The detection of H. pylori by PCR in sewage-contaminated drinking water, ponds/river water and shallow ground water indicates the environmental transmission of H. pylori (Hulton et al 1996;Engstrand 2001;Baker et al 2002;Lu et al 2002). It is observed that H. pylori show high tolerance to common disinfectants used in drinking water supplies (Baker et al…”